Propagating House and Garden Plants

See the Starting From sections for general information on propagation techniques. More precise details on how to reproduce a species are giv-en only if these differ from the usual. That is, a germinating temperature of 60 to 65F (15 to 18C) is assumed, air layering is done in early summer, etc., unless otherwise stated.

Various plants of home and garden have been indexed under other headings: see the end of this section for a cross-reference. For example, plants such as Erica, Hibiscus and others, while frequently thought of as houseplants or flowers, are properly considered shrubs, and are found under Trees & Shrubs. See the end of this section for a cross-reference.

Plants are not usually identified as annual or perennial, however, hardiness zone information is provided for the perennial species

Achillea filipendula

fern-leaf yarrow

Surface sow seed onto well-drained soil, bright spot, at 60-70F/15-21C. Self-seeds readily, can be invasive, and does well even in poor soils. May divide every few years, spring or fall, or grow from basal cuttings in spring. Zone 3-8

Achillea millefolium

yarrow

Surface sow early in spring and again late in year, well-draining soil. Needs light to germinate. Self-sows to point of being invasive; divide into fair-sized clumps early spring. Likes sun, sandy soil, tolerant of fairly dry conditions and acidic soils. Zone 2-9

Achillea tomentosa

woolly yarrow

Surface sow in spring, can take a month or more to germination. Light needed for germination. Self-sows; propagate also by division in spring, or from basal cuttings at this time. Tolerates drought, salt air, poor soils, as long as reasonable light and well-drained soil are provi-ded. Zone 2-10; often grown as an annual in zone 7 and warmer, since hot summers and scorching sun can cause it to suffer

Achimenes species

Cupid's bower, hot water plant

Start seed indoors in winter, surface sow at 65-70F/18-21C; grow at this temperature for several months before transplanting individually into 4" pots. Requires ample moisture, warm temperatures, good light to some shade but protect from blazing sun, especially if grown in-doors. Can be grown from stem or leaf cuttings in spring. Zone 10

May also be bought as and grown from rhizomes, often incorrectly called tubers, planted six rhizomes 1" deep into 8" pot, rich and well-drained soil. After flowering in fall, allow to dry out, dig up and keep cool and dry during winter, then plant again in spring; rhizomes may be divided in spring

Acidanthera species

fragrant gladiolus, sword lily

Plant corm in rich well-draining soil 4" deep, 4-6" apart, after last frost. Water sparingly at first; good light required for growth. In fall, dig corms up after first frost has killed the foliage, and allow to mature at room temperature for several weeks. Remove and discard old corm, leaving offsets to mature another week or two. Store completely dry and unpro-tected in a cool, dark place

May also be started from seed sown in spring in a cool, protected area. Zone 7-10

Aconitum species

monkshood

Stratify seed for 6 weeks, light needed to germinate, sow just covered; or sow seed when ripe, in early fall, into well-drained soil. Germination is unpredictable and can take a year or more. Does well in part shade; tolerates alkaline conditions. Propagate also by clump division in spring, replanted immediately. Zone 3-8

Aegopodium podagraria

goutweed, bishop's weed

Divide rhizomes in spring or fall; plants spreads rapidly via underground roots, and can become invasive. Can also be grown from root cuttings taken in winter, and rooted in a cold frame. Sun to part shade and well-drained soil. Though often considered weeds, the cultivar

Variegata is a good ground cover, and suitable especially to dry shade conditions. Zone 3-9

Aeschynanthus species

 

Epiphytes that often do well indoors; trailing species grown in hanging baskets, and climbers on a moss-covered stick. Propagate from stem cuttings taken in spring or early summer; bottom heat helpful. Alternatively, simple layering may also be done at this time. Grow in light to medium shade and keep temperatures above 55F/13C. Allow soil to dry between waterings, especially in winter

Aeschynanthus radicans, the lipstick plant or lipstick vine, also known as A. lobbianus

Agastache scrophulariaefolia

Easy from seed, sown shallowly at 55-65F/13-18C, or grow from cuttings in late summer. Sun and well-drained, fertile soil. Tolerant of heat, drought. Zone 4-9

Ageratum species

floss flower

Annuals and biennials started indoors 2 months before last frost, surface sow at 65-75F/18-24C, set out well after last frost, average to fertile and well-draining soil; seed needs light to germinate. May also be sown directly outdoors, late in spring. Sun to light shade

Aglaonema species

Chinese evergreen

Large plants are reproduced by air-layering; alternatively, propagate by removing and potting up offsets. Basal and stem cuttings may be taken and rooted in summer, bottom heat helpful. Keep warm; good light to part shade; variegation may fade in shade. Moist, well-draining soil

Ajuga reptans

common bugleweed, carpet bugle

May be started from seed; prefers partial shade, though sun or heavy shade are tolerated. Does well in most soils, though ideally moist, well-drained; establish by plants or divide clumps in spring. May also be propagated by simple layering. Good ground cover. Zone 3-9

Allium cernuum A

llegheny onion

From seed sown in fall or spring, just covered, needs light and ideally cooler temperatures to germinate. Or divide bulbs in fall, set 2" deep. Soil fairly fertile, light, well-drained; good light. Zone 4-10

Allium giganteum

giant onion

For the warmer part of the garden, set bulbs some 10" apart and bury about twice its depth. Easy from seed sown in fall or following spring. Soil fairly fertile, light, well-drained; mulch in winter in colder areas. Very good light required. Zone 4-10

Allium moly

golden garlic, lily leek

Grow from seed as other Alliums, or plant bulbs several inches deep in fall, about 4" apart, multiplies readily. Prefers some shade, tolerates heavier shade to full sun. Soil fairly fertile, light, well-drained; natural-izes well in grass. Zone 3-9

Allium ursinum

rampion

Soil should be fairly fertile, well-drained; some protection from sun ideal. Start from seed in fall or spring, or propagate by division. Hardy to zone 4

Alstroemeria species

Peruvian lily

Soak seed overnight, and sow just covered, 65-70F/18-21C. Easy from seed, though germination is unpredictable. In cooler climates protect in winter with thick layer of mulch. Well-drained soil, sunny spot. Plants may be divided in early spring. Good greenhouse plants. Zone 6-10; protect in winter in colder climates

Amaranthus caudatus

love-lies-bleeding

Sow seed in late spring, shallowly in well-drained, fertile soil; grow in sun. May be started indoors a few weeks earlier, 65-75F/18-24C, and transplanted after last frost date. Frost-tender annual

Amaranthus tricolor

Joseph's coat

Sow 1/4" deep in spring after last frost; may be started indoors three weeks before last frost, 65-75F/18-24C, and transplanted when nights have warmed. Fertile, well-drained soil and full sun ideal. Tolerates heat and drought

Amaryllis belladonna

Cape belladona

Started from seed, pre-soak one or two hours, sow just covered, peaty soil, 60-75F/15-24C. Unpredictable and slow from seed. Set bulbs 3" deep in spring for fall bloom, warm spot, sun or part shade, good drainage. Winter protection required cooler climates. Divide clumps or remove offsets in late spring or summer. Zone 7-10

Anemone blanda

Grecian windflower

Surface sow on well-draining soil. Germination from seed is irregular, and may improve with pre-chilling. In fall, soak corms overnight, then plant 1 to 2" deep into rich, moist, well-drained soil, space plants 8 to 10"; a circle may indicate which way is up, or set corms on their sides. Divide also in fall. Full sun to partial shade. Zone 4-8

Anemone coronaria

poppy anemone

Full sun ideal but will tolerate some shade. Corms may be planted throughout the year, though usually in fall. Soak corms overnight, then plant into rich, well-drained soil, spacing plants 8 to 10" apart; set with circle facing up, or on their sides. Lift and divide in fall. Zone 6-9

Anthurium andreanum

flamingo flower, tailflower

Start from seed in spring. Best grown in half fir bark, half peat moss, kept moist, with constant feeding and good indirect light. Propagate by clump division of mature specimens only, spring. Crown should al-ways be set at soil level, never below

Antirrhinum majus

snapdragon

Seed surface sown, outside, from 2 weeks before last frost, or start indoors 8-12 weeks before last frost, 65-80F/18-27C; taller forms may be started indoors in late winter. Protect from full sun. May be stratified before sowing; light needed for germination. Grow on at cooler temperatures of 50F/10C and transplant 6 weeks later. Light and fertile, well-drained soil; full sun to part shade. May also be started from cuttings in spring or fall. Perennial usually grown as annual

Aquilegia canadensis

wild columbine

Sow directly onto well-drained ground upon harvesting from the wild, or sow in spring, and stratify 3 weeks if no germination occurs within 8 weeks of sowing. Light needed to germinate. Self-sows readily; small plants transplant well. Moist rich soil, tolerates shade well. Zone 3-9

Other Aquilegia species, cultivars share the same cultural conditions

Arabis species

rock cress

Easy from seed sown at 70F/21C, or sow immediately when ripe in fall, onto surface of well-drained, gritty soil. Sun to light shade; some shade ideal in hot climates. May be divided, spring or fall. Grow also from cuttings in summer. Zones 4-9, though many species hardy in warmer climates only. Arabis caucasica, also known as A. albida, does well on dry slopes, and is hardy throughout this range

Arisaema triphyllum

jack-in-the-pulpit

Sow seeds outdoors in moist, rich soil, and grow overwinter in a protected location to germinate. Alternatively, stratify 8 weeks and start in-doors, 55-60F/15-18C. Enjoys shade. Zone 4-9

Armeria latifolia

thrift, sea pink

Soak seed several hours, then sow at 60-70F/15-21C, just covered; sow directly outdoors in summer or indoors in late winter. Full sun, not-too-fertile, well-drained soil; tolerates salt and wind and as such well suited to coastal climates, and tolerates dry conditions. Divide every three or so years in spring, or propagate by semi-hard cuttings in summer. Also known as A. formosa, A. maritima. Zone 4-8

Asarum species

wild ginger

Grow in deep to dappled shade, moist areas, rich well-drained and slightly acidic soil. Propagate by division in spring. Surface sow fresh seed; self-sows well. A. canadense, the Canadian wild ginger or heart snakeroot, is hardy in zones 3-8; A. europaeum, or European wild ginger, hazelwort, zones 4-8

Asclepias species

milkweed, butterfly weed

Seed best started indoors, or in some other protected location, 55-75F/ 13-24C, 1/16" deep. May benefit from 3-4 weeks' stratification in fridge prior to sowing. Rich, well-drained soil and full sun; often tolerant of hot and dry conditions. May be carefully divided in spring. Asclepias curassavica, or blood flower, is a perennial hardy zones 8-10, and is also good as house plant grown in fair to good light; it may be grown from stem tip cuttings late in spring. Outside, it is often grown as an annual, as is A. incarnata, zone 3-8

Asclepias tuberosa, butterfly weed, may also be grown from bareroot specimens, in spring, and may be grown in containers year-round; these should be placed outside during active growth. Hardy zone 3-9

Asplenium nidus

bird's nest fern

Can only be propagated from spores, germinated on peat-based com-post kept moist, covered, and in good indirect light. Keep covered until seedlings developing well; keep moist, lightly shaded, and warm, as one would older plants. Zone 10

Aster species

Sow just covered in spring; perennials should be stratified 2 weeks. Divide larger clumps into 4" clumps in spring; may also propagate from softwood cuttings at this time. Fertile, well-drained but moist soil, sun to part shade, depending on species. Most should be protected from scorching sun. Zone 3-8

Note that the typical florist's asters are cultivars of Callistephus chinensis, an entirely separate species

Astilbe species

Seed sown at 60-65F/15-18C, or when fresh in fall, onto surface of evenly moist, fertile, well-drained soil, though older specimens can do well in clay soils. Sun to shade, and protect from full sun in hot clima-tes; ensure consistent watering especially if grown in full sun. May self-seed. Divide every few years, in spring or fall, separating root clumps into fair-sized pieces. Hardy zones 3-8

Astilbe chinensis, Chinese astilbe, is especially suited as a ground cover for a wet site; hardy zones 5-8

Aubrieta species

false rock cress

Surface sow seed at 60-75F/15-24C, and grow in full sun, and well-drained, alkaline soil; light needed for germination. Can be started indoors from late winter onward. May also be divided in early fall, or grown from cuttings taken summer or fall; named varieties will not grow true from seed. Zone 5-8

Azalea species

Azalea may be considered a sub-genus of Rhododendron, and as propagation and cultural techniques are identical for the two, see the section on Rhododendron under the Trees and Shrubs heading

Begonia species

These typically fall into three rough groups, fibrous-rooted, tuberous, and rhizomatous. Semperflorens types are fibrous-rooted, B. bowerae and B. rex rhizomatous, B. x tuberhybrida and B. tuberosa are tuberous; propagation methods described are often applicable to other members of the same group. Over 1500 species exist; only one or two examples from each group are given below

Begonia bowerae

Reproduce from leaf-stem cuttings, cutting the stalk 2" below the leaf base. Plant leaf base even with level of the soil, and bury leaf and stalk at an angle, shallowly. Or treat leaf cuttings as for B. rex. Growing conditions as for B. rex below

Begonia rex

painted leaf begonia

Propagate by leaf cuttings: cut leaf into 1" squares and insert sections half-way into compost, with outermost edges pointing up, or lay them flat on compost. A large leaf may be pinned flat onto moist soil, after making small incisions 1" apart across major veins on underside of leaf. The old leaf disintigrates as new plantlets root. Personally, I prefer the very first technique

Keep warm, humid, good indirect light. Well-draining medium, water and feed regularly in summer, decreasing water and eliminating fertilization in winter

Begonia semperflorens

wax begonia

Surface sow seed indoors in late winter, early spring, in evenly moist, light soil, 70-75F/21-24C; light needed for germination. Good light, though protection from full sun should be provided; filtered shade is ideal. May be grown pot-bound year-round, or dig up before first fall frosts and overwinter in pots indoors in cooler climates; should have adequate humidity, indoors. May also be grown from softwood stem cuttings, which root readily in water. Zone 10

Begonia x tuberhybrida

Sow seed in February, directly onto soil, uncovered, keep moist and in good light until germination, then uncover. Grow moist, cool, in part shade; 70F/21C ideal. Treat tuber as with B. tuberosa. Zone 9-10

Begonia tuberosa

Sow seed in February, uncovered, keep moist until germination. Light is required for germination, temperatures of 65-70F/18-21C. Grow moist, cool, part shade. Young new side-shoots may be cut off and treated as any basal cutting; will produce new tubers with time

Start tubers indoors 4-8 weeks before last frost, 1/2" deep in humus-rich or peat-based soil and with good moisture, or plant outside around time of last frost. Await the start of the new year's growth before planting, then plant with shallow depression in tuber, where last year's stem was attached, facing up.

Transplant when 3-4" tall, and after all risk of frost is past; large tubers may at this time be cut into pieces, each with at least two buds and healthy roots. If grown in pots, use pots with a diameter of 8" or more. Allow to callus several hours before replanting. Good light, protect from full sun

Bring plants inside before the first frost: after plants have flowered, gradually reduce watering and allow stems to die. Dig up, clean and dry tubers, store in cool, slightly moist peat. Good-sized healthy tubers are essential for overwintering

Bellis perennis

English daisy

Surface sow at 70F/21C, or sow very shallowly; light needed for germination. May be sown directly outside later in spring. Good light to part shade and well-drained soil ideal. Smaller forms may naturalize well in lawns. Biennial, but usually grown as annual. May be divided after flowering. Zone 4-9

Bergenia cordifolia

heartleaf bergenia

Sow seed at 60-70F/15-21C, onto surface of well-drained, moist soil and part to full shade; in cooler climates may be grown in full sun. Germination irregular. Drier soils may be tolerated, and may do well as a ground cover in dry shade. Divide in spring, after flowering. The rhizome may also be lifted in winter and cut into 1-2" sections, each with a bud eye; plant these with bud eye pointing up, and root in warmth. Zone 3-8

Bergenia crassifolia

leather bergenia

Grow from seed or from rhizome cuttings as B. cordifolia, above. Moist, acidic, well-draining soil, full sun to part shade, and does well in poor soils. Divide in spring after flowering, or in fall. Zone 4-9; foliage turns bronze in zones 4-6

Bletilla striata

Seed for this terrestrial orchid is surface sown onto peaty medium, 65-70F/18-21C, needs light to germinate. Erratic germination. More easi-ly propagated by clump division spring or fall; may be purchased as and grown from individual pseudobulbs. Part shade and moist, rich soil. Good pot plant and may also be grown indoors. Zones 5-9; benefits from winter protection in the colder zones

Brachycome iberidifolia

swan river daisy

Seed outside around last frost, or start indoors 4 weeks earlier, just covered at 65-70F/18-21C. Fertile, sandy, moist soil ideal, cool sum-mers, full sun; this hardy annual tolerates some frost

Caladium x hortulanum

elephant's ear

Propagate by cutting tubers into sections, each with one eye, allow to callus then bury about 1 to 1 1/2 times their depth, in well-drained, peaty soil. Appreciates moisture and warmth during growing season; good in shade. Zone 10

Overwinter by withholding water gradually over few weeks, letting plant dry out completely until all leaves withered. After first frost, remove tuber from soil and store in dark place, slightly damp, 65F/18C. Repot early next year, keeping moist and dark until shoots appear, then move to good indirect light

Calceolaria x herbeohybrida

slipper flower, slipperwort, pouch flower

Seed requires light to germinate, surface sow at 60-75F/15-24C. Ger-mination is erratic; may start indoors 8 weeks before setting out. Keep cooler after sprouting, always slightly moist. Propagate from stem cut-tings taken from shoot tips, in spring

Calceolaria integrifolia

slipperwort

Treat seed as above. Reproduces more easily from cuttings taken either in spring or summer. Grow in well-drained soil, cooler area of the garden, and good light; prefers cooler summers

Calendula officinalis

pot marigold, English marigold

Seed about 1/4" deep in winter or early spring, as dark is needed for germination, 60-70F/15-21C. Does well in most soils and full to part sun. Annual, can be sown outside in fall in warm climates for spring blooming, or in cooler areas moved outside just before last frost. Transplant carefully. Often self-sows well

Callistephus chinensis

aster, China aster

Easy from seed sown mid-spring, into well-drained, average, sandy soil, though most soils may be tolerated; may also be started indoors at 65-70F/18-21C, and transplanted 3-4 weeks later, setting 12" apart. Good light and a protected location ideal; does well in hot, dry weather

Camassia species

Start from seed, just covered, in well-drained soil, sown when snow clears, 55-60F/12-15C, or sow outdoors when ripe. Plant bulbs in fall 4" deep, 4-8" apart; clumps of bulbs may be divided. Fertile, deep and moist soil, good light required. Zone 4-10

Campanula isophylla

Star of Bethlehem, Italian bellflower

Only Kristal varieties can be sown from seed, sown onto surface of peaty soil, spring; light needed to germinate. Grow indoors in good light, cool room. May also divide in spring, after cutting back. Can be grown from cuttings. A perennial, though often grown as annual

Campanula species

bellflower

These biennials and perennials are surface-sown, outside in late spring, light needed to germinate. Alpine species, such as C. portenschlagiana and C. cochleariifolia, can be sown in fall and grown in a protected location, i.e. a cold frame. May also propagate from basal cuttings in summer. Best grown in light shade, sun tolerated, moist well-drained soil. Transplanted in fall, if needed. Zone 3-9

Canna indica

Indian shot

Start seed in late winter, indoors. Grow at 70-75F/21-24C, just covered, may need to soak or scarify seed for better germination. Likes sun, fertile peaty soil, moist conditions: water regularly and mulch during sum-mer. Propagate by clump division in spring, if grown outside year-round or as houseplant. Zone 8-10

Plant rhizomes 1.5 to 2' apart, 3" deep, tips pointing up; may start indoors in spring. Dig these up after first frost, cutting stems just above the rhizomes. Clean and dry, and store these in slightly damp peat moss, cool and dark. Check overwintering rhizomes every few weeks and dampen if shrivelling

Capsicum annuum

Christmas pepper, cherry pepper

Sow well-drained soil, covered, 70-85F/21-29C, in spring; may move outside in summer, and bring in again in fall. Good light. While a pot-grown ornamental, this is the same plant as the one listed under Fruits & Vegetables, and cultural conditions are identical

Cattleya species, hybrids

Allow these epiphytic orchids to dry completely between thorough waterings, do not use soft water. Grow in very porous, free-draining medium, i.e. medium grade fir bark, fine for seedlings. Bright light very im-portant, no direct full sun. Ideal temperatures 70-85F/21-29C daytime, 10-20F/6-12C less at night especially for older plants. Good humidity, i.e. 40 to 60%, more as temperature rises, and good ventilation both essential. Zone 10

Fertilize with weak high-nitrogen formulations every week or two during active growth, occasionally a little extra high-phosphorus formulation. Repot when pot becomes to small, or before! potting medium breaks down; divide if large enough, ideally in spring: each division needs 3 or more good-sized pseudobulbs, leave at least 4 on the parent

Celosia cristata

cockscomb

Start indoors 1 month before last frost, 70-80F/21-27C, just cover, sowing individually to small pots. Good light to germinate and grow, rich, moist, well-drained soil; may be sown direct in warmer areas or later in year. Transplant carefully well after last frost, watching roots, and do not transplant again: these plants resent disturbance. Space 6-10" depending on size of cultivar

Centaurea cyanus

bachelor's button, cornflower

Sow directly outside in fall for spring germination, or around last frost. Cover with soil, as dark is needed for germination. Plant does best in full sun and average, sandy soil. Tolerant drier conditions, poor soils, exposed locations. Some dwarf forms grown as pot plants. Annual; self-sows well

Note that the similar, but perennial, Centaurea montana is grown in the same manner; it may also be divided in spring. Hardy zones 3-8

Cerastium tomentosum

snow-in-summer, love-in-a-mist

Easy from seed sown shallowly in well-drained soil, 60F/15C, sunny spot; tolerates drier conditions and poor soils. Grow also from semi-hard cuttings or by division in spring. May be used as ground cover. Zone 3-8

Cheiranthus species

wallflower

Sow outdoors around or after last frost or start indoors 6-8 weeks be-fore last frost, 1/8" deep at 65-70F/18-21C, and grow on slightly cooler. Fertile spot, sun; does well in exposed sites. May also grow from soft-wood heel cuttings in summer. Perennials typically hardy zone 7-10, though often grown as annuals or biennials

Chionodoxa species

glory-of-the-snow

Sow outside when soil can be worked in spring, or sow in fall, 1/4" deep, well-draining fertile soil; self-sows readily. Bulbs should be placed some 2-3" deep, deeper in warm areas, and may be lifted and divided in early fall. Sun to some shade; protect from scorching heat. Naturalizes well; can be used in lawns. To zone 3

Chlorophytum comosum

spider plant

Remove and root plantlets in water, or pot up directly. Can also leave plantlets attached by their runners, resting on soil in new pot, until root-ed. Water when just barely dry, grow in good light, fertile soil

Chrysanthemum species

Sow directly in spring, seed needs light to germinate, 60-70F/15-21C, and do not transplant. Space 8 to 18" depending on cultivar. Fairly rich, well-drained, moist soil and sun needed for all Chrysanthemums. The annual species are fairly hardy; perennials hardy to zones 3-10, depending on cultivar

Grown from tip or basal cuttings should still branch readily, if done early in year. Some produce runners and can be separated and potted; others have fibrous root systems, easily divided in spring or fall

Chrysanthemum coccineum, the painted daisy, is also known as Tanacetum coccineum, and is hardy zones 3-9. C. x superbum or C. maximum, the Shasta daisy, is hardy zones 4-8

Chrysanthemum morifolium

florists' chrysanthemum

This plant and other hybrids can be propagated from seed as above, or grow from softwood basal cuttings in spring. Grown indoors, provide with good indirect light in a cool room. These perennials are only half-hardy and should be kept at temperatures of 45F/7C or above; a few cultivars are hardy into zones 5 and 6

Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium

pyrethrum, painted daisy

Propagate as Chrysanthemum species, above; basic cultural needs are as noted. Slightly alkaline soil is best. C. coccineum, also known as Tanacetum coccineum, goes by the same names, and is grown in the same manner. Zone 4-9

Cissus antarctica

kangaroo vine

Sow in spring, just covered in well-drained soil, 65-70F/18-21C; germination erratic. Grow also from softwood or semi-hard cuttings. Keep on dry side, cool, in good indirect light; good indoor pot plant. Zone 10

Clematis species

virgin's bower

Sow sparingly, just covered, outdoors in a cold frame from mid-fall through mid-winter, keep moist. Or sow indoors spring or summer, stratify 2-3 weeks. May have double dormancy and take a year or more to germinate. Move outdoors in summer. Rich, moist, well-drained soil ideal, though most species accepting of heavier clay soils; good light to full sun; may mulch in summer

Fibrous-rooted species may be divided, or propagate most species by air layering or by soft or semi-hard cuttings. Golden clematis, C. tangutica, good in dry areas, does well in most zones. Zone 2-9

Cleome hassleriana

spider flower

Seed 70-80F/21-27C, with nighttime temperatures of 65F/18C helping germination. Pre-chilling 2-3 weeks may be helpful. Transplant out 6 weeks after starting indoors, or sow outside around or after last frost. Sun, average well-drained soil. Tolerant of heat and drought. Also known as C. spinosa

Clivia miniata

Kaffir lily

Sow seed immediately when ripe, well-drained soil, and grow in good light to shade; feed and water relatively frequently. Indoors, grow in cool room, good light. Provide with an eight week dormant period in winter, earlier if winter flowers are desired, with lower temperatures of around 50F/10C. Slightly lower the amount of water given, and provide a reasonable amount of light: leaves should not be allowed to die. Zone 10

Allow to crowd the pot a year or two before moving up or dividing in spring or after flowering; can also be grown from fair-sized offsets

Codiaeum variegatum

croton, Joseph's coat

Reproduce by air layering, or from green and semi-green stem and tip cuttings, spring and summer, bottom heat helpful. Requires good indirect light, humidity, and warmth; good pot plant, indoors

Coffea arabica

coffee

Sow seed in spring: soak raw bean overnight, then gently rub off pa-pery skin. Keep moist, 75F/21C or up, just covered, 1" apart; light needed for germination. Check weekly for root or shoot development; pot up if either is seen. Loose sandy or peaty soil, grow warm, moist, very good light but protect from full sun. May also grow from semi-hard cuttings, summer

Colchicum autumnale

meadow saffron, autumn crocus

Slow from seed, sown when ripe, or in fall or sping, some 1/8" deep. Set corms 4" deep in fall. Good light, well-draining soil, naturalizes well. Divide clumps late summer. Zone 4-9

Coleus species

Grow from seed in spring, 65-75F/18-21C; needs light to germinate. Set out after last frost. Grow in warmth and fair to good light; protect from scorching sun. Water regularly, though somewhat less during dormant season. Stem tip cuttings are spring and summer, root well in either soil or water. Coleus x hybridus tolerates even heavy shade

Convallaria majalis

lily-of-the-valley

Reproduce by clump division after plants are finished flowering, every 4-5 years; new shoots may be transplanted at the same time. May also be seeded directly outside, fertile, well-drained soil, just covered, by the patient gardener willing to wait a year or more. Moist shade ideal, tolerates sun well. Zone 2-8

Convolvulus species

morning glory

Chip or soak seeds then plant shallowly in well-drained compost, 70-80F/21-27C for tender species, outdoors if hardy, in spring. Grow in full sun. Many species are propagated well by softwood or semi-hard cuttings in summer, or heel cuttings early fall

Coreopsis lanceolata

tickseed

Seed started at 65-75F/18-24C or sown directly outside in late spring, onto soil surface. Self-sows readily; older plants may be divided every three years, in spring. Sun and average to fertile, well-drained soil; tolerates dry soils. Divide spring or fall, into clumps each with at least a few good shoots. Zone 4-9

Coronilla varia

crown vetch

Sow seed in spring, well-drained soil, or grow from softwood heel cuttings, in summer. Sun to light shade; good on slopes and in dry conditions, tolerates alkaline soils. May be used as ground cover. Zone 3-9

Cosmos bipinnatus

Easy annual from seed sown directly outside in spring, 1/8" deep after last frost, into poor or ideally average, well-drained soil; alkaline and hot, dry conditions tolerated. May also be started indoors, 65-80F/18-27C, and transplanted. Full sun. Readily reseeds itself

Crocus species

Plant bulbs in fall, about 2" deep, good light to partial shade, well-drained soil essential. Lift corms every three to four years, late summer to fall, replant; may be divided at this time. Can also start from seed, planted 1/8" deep, when ripe; very slow to germinate. Many species will naturalize well in grass. Zones 3-9

C. laevigatus will come up, bloom during winter, with mild spells. Give sunny but sheltered location. Divide clumps in late summer; hardy zones 5-8

Note that Colchicum autumnale is incorrectly known as the autumn crocus. True autumn crocuses are grown as other Crocus species, though typically in full sun, excepting C. banaticus, which prefers some shade. C. sativus, the saffron crocus, falls in this group, and is described in detail under Herbs. Zones 3-8

Cryptanthus bromelioides

rainbow star

Mainly propagated by offsets, removed and potted up separately, in spring. Grow in part shade, peaty well-drained soil, water regularly though less in winter. Zone 10

Cuphea ignea

cigar plant, cigar flower

Surface sow in spring, needs light to germinate, 70F/21C. Grow also from green shoot tip cuttings in spring or summer. Sun, rich and well-draining soil, ample water. Zone 10

Cyclamen persicum

florist's cyclamen, sowbread

Soak very warm water, overnight. Sow 1/4" deep, late in the year; dark to germinate. Keep moist, 55-60F/12-15C; do not grow plants of any age at much higher temperatures than these. Maintain cool temperatures after sprouting, and water less frequently

Can be kept growing year-round, or overwinter by allowing leaves to die, digging up and storing corms in fall. Repot early in new year, with top of corm at soil surface. Or dig after flowering in winter or spring, and repot in early fall. Water slightly more if grown during summer, and feed occasionally until flowering. Zone 8-9

Cymbidium species

Good light essential, but protect from scorching sun; miniature cultivars best for higher temperatures. Indoor conditions are often too dark, though may be moved indoors while temperatures drop below freezing. Grow in medium-grade fir bark mixed with peat and/or perlite

Tolerates varying temperatures, though day temperatures of 75-80F/ 24-27C, night temperatures of 50-55F/10-12C are ideal; some cultivars readily accept less diurnal variance in temperature. Decrease day temperatures somewhat in winter. Water regularly, especially in warm weather, and less so in cool or wet weather. Keep humidity at 40 to 60% in winter

Fertilize with a diluted 30-10-10 every two weeks during growing season; 20-20-20 during remainder of year. Repot every 2-3 years, when the potting medium decomposes, immediately after flowering. May be divided at this time, each division with 3 to 4 bulbs with leaves. Brown, leafless bulbs or backbulbs may be removed, have roots trimmed off; bury halfway in growing medium, keep moist and in good indirect light. Repot when the new growth has reached 6-8"

Cypripedium species

lady's slipper

Can be started from seed sown onto soil surface, though typically a symbiotic, soil-based fungus is required for successful sprouting; if germination occurs, this can take a year or more. Growing from seed is unpredictable, very difficult and often very frustrating. Grow on in rich, moist and fairly acidic, well-drained soil; shade

Carefully divide reasonably-sized clumps every 3-4 years, in early spring, and do not set crowns any lower than their original depth. Do NOT dig specimens from the wild: these plants are quite endangered; purchase cultivated forms from reputable dealers, only. Terrestrial or-chid hardy to zone 3

Dahlia species

Many varieties may be started from seed, in spring, sow sparingly at 65-70F/18-21C, onto consistently moist well-drained and fertile soil. Full sun. Plants not frost-tolerant

Tubers are planted right side up, well after last frost, 6" deep in well-drained soil, with the eye closer to soil level, at some 2-3". May cut tubers into sections each with roots and at least one shoot. Dig tubers after first frost, carefully. Cut stem just above its base, clean and allow to dry. Overwinter dark, dry and cool, or in barely moist peat

Delosperma species

Surface sow seed in spring, 70-75F/21-24C, onto very well-draining soil. Tolerates poor soil and drought. Full sun. Ground cover; some species may also be grown, potted, in a sunny window. Stem cuttings may be taken from spring through early fall. Zone 7-10, though some species have been grown successfully in colder areas

Delphinium species

larkspur

Soak 24 hours, surface sow, needs dark to germinate. Use fresh seed if possible, and start at 50-55F/10-12C. If trouble germinating, stratify 2 weeks. May also be sown in fall for spring germination. Space young plants 2' apart, in rich, moist, well-drained soil, sunny spot. Softwood cuttings rooted in spring or early summer. Zone 2-9

Dendrobium phalaenopsis

Grows in temperatures from 50-90F/10-32C; bright indirect light. Humidity of 50-60% ideal, as is good ventilation. Allow medium to dry completely between thorough waterings, once or twice a week. Grow in very porous, long-lived medium ideally containing lava rock or some other inorganic substance, to limit repotting to every three years or so, and grow in fairly small pot

Fertilize with weak balanced fertilizers every two weeks. New plantlets or keikis may be removed and repotted once leaves and roots have developed; the parent plant often dies when these are produced also known as Dendrobium bigibbum

Dianthus barbatus

sweet William, clove pink

Can be sown early summer, 60-75F/15-24C, for flowering next year, or early in year for flowers that year. Well-drained soil, just covered, sun; alkaline soils often tolerated. Provide ample water during hot, dry periods. Most forms are biennial, though some are grown just as annuals. Many self-sow well; may be divided or propagated by softwood cuttings in late spring. Hardy to zone 3; some D. barbatus x D. chinensis hybrids hardy to zone 2

Note that Dianthus allwoodii, D. plumarius and D. hybridus, known also as pinks, grow in the same conditions, may be propagated also by layering, and are hardy zones 3-8

Dianthus caryophyllus

carnation

Sow early in new year, 60-75F/15-24C, set out after last frost, or sow di-rect a few weeks after last frost, or in fall. Same conditions as D. barbatus, but far less hardy, zone 6 or warmer

Dicentra species

bleeding heart

 

Stratify 6 weeks in freezer before sowing just covered at 55-60F/13-15C; germination can be erratic, or sow when fresh in fall. If started indoors transplant carefully 6 weeks after germination. Grow in light, moist, fertile soil; good shade plants. Water regularly during dry periods. May also be divided in spring or fall, or grown from root cuttings overwintered in a cold frame. The perennial species typically hardy zone 3-8

Dicentra eximia, fringed bleeding heart, zone 4-8. D. spectabilis, or common bleeding heart, zone 3-8, as for subtype D. spectabilis alba, the popular white bleeding heart

Dictamnus albus

gas plant

Sow seed immediately when ripe, or in spring, after 4 weeks' stratification in the fridge, growing in fertile, well-drained soil at 55-60F/13-15C; can take a year to germinate. Sun to light shade. Resents transplanting, so divide carefully and only as needed, every few years. Zone 3-8

Dieffenbachia species

dumb cane

Grow from stem cuttings up to three inches across: multiple sections each with a few nodes may be taken. Allow cuttings to callus before planting; bottom heat can be helpful. Suckers may be planted up separately, or propagate by air-layering. Good indirect light, reasonable warmth, fertile, well-draining soil. Zone 10

Digitalis purpurea

foxglove

Surface sow in spring, onto moist fertile well-drained soil, needs light to germinate. Self-sows well, and clumps may be divided every few years. Biennial, tolerates even fairly heavy shade and dry soils. Zone 4-9

Dionaea muscipula

Venus fly trap

Start from seed, keep moist and very humid until most seeds have ger-minated, then reduce humidity to about 75%; temperature of 75-80F/ 24-27C. Transplant with fourth set of leaves. Grow in mixture of peat and coarse sand, plenty of room to grow. Use rain-, well- or distilled water: most residential water is limed, therefore alkaline, not appreciated by these plants

Keep pot in shallow tray of water during growing season. Requires large amounts of light: grow outside or in south-facing window. Do not fertilize or feed anything but insects. Humidity appreciated

Requires a dormant season in fall and winter, with temperatures down to 40F/5C; will tolerate light frost. Don't worry when the trap leaves fall; a few winter leaves keep the plant going. Keep soil barely moist

Dolichos lablab

hyacinth bean

Seed sown shallowly, directly outside after last frost, or start indoors at 60-70F/15-21C, well-drained soil. Grow warm, sunny, sheltered; poor soils, hot, dry conditions tolerated. Also known as Lablab purpureus. Hardy zones 9-10, or grow as annual in cooler climates

Doritaenopsis cultivars

Propagate and grow these Doritis x Phalaenopsis hybrids as Phalae-nopsis, further below. Greater light levels tolerated well

Dracula species

Grow these orchids in shaded, cool location, high humidity required; see Masdevallia species for cultural details. Water regularly and feed rarely. Grow in mesh baskets, or wooden-slat containers, and fine, moist medium; flower stems grow through the mix to emerge below

Echinacea purpurea

purple coneflower

Increase by clump division in early spring, each clump some 4" wide, move to well-drained soil, never wet, and will tolerate very dry conditions. Good sun to part shade. Seed sown in spring, 1/8" deep, light needed for germination. Four weeks' stratification may help; may start indoors. Self-sows readily. Known previously as Rudbeckia purpurea. Zone 3-9

Note that Echinacea angustifolia, or narrow-leaved purple coneflower, is grown in the same manner

Echinops ritro

blue globe thistle, small globe thistle

Surface sow seed indoors at 60-70F/15-21C; needs light to germinate, or start outdoors late in spring. Sun to light shade and dry, light, sandy soil; heat and drought tolerant. Can also be grown from root cuttings taken early in winter, or divide in spring; purchased crowns are also planted at this time. Zone 3-9

Epimedium species

Sow seed immediately when ripe in summer, into a protected spot or cold frame. Grown mainly by division in spring or fall, in partial shade; some species do quite well in full shade. Ground cover, spreads vigorously by underground rhizomes, and does well in dry shade. Fertile , acidic, well-drained soil. Zone 4-9

Epipremnum aureum

golden pothos, devil's ivy

Grow from stem cuttings, each section with one leaf, with leaf bases planted at the soil surface, late spring, or layer in summer. Aerial roots facilitate rooting. Keep shaded and moist; humidity-loving. Also known as Scindapsus aureus. Zone 10

Episcia cupreata

flame violet

Surface sow tiny seeds onto peaty soil, need light to germinate, 70-80F/21-27C. New plantlets are produced on runners, and may be removed and potted; grow from stem or leaf cuttings, or divide in spring. High humidity, shade, rich and well-draining soil. Zone 9-10

Eranthis hyemalis

winter aconite

In early fall, set bulbs in dappled shade, fertile, well-drained soil, about 2" deep. Do not allow bulbs to dry out at any time; once planted, continue to provide ample moisture. If dry bulbs are purchased in fall, soak overnight before planting. Sow seed when ripe, or allow to self-seed, which it does well; divide when finished flowering. Older seed may be used; germination is erratic. May be naturalized in lawns. To zone 4

Eremurus species

foxtail lily, king's spear, desert candle

Sow seed in spring after stratification, just covered at 55-60F/13-15C, or when ripe in fall; light is needed for germination. Open, sunny spot, light, very well-drained soil; does well in hot, dry conditions, and should be kept dry after flowering

Grown also from dormant roots purchased in fall, planted shallowly and carefully; may also be divided spring or early fall. The central bud should be placed 2-3" below soil level; allow the roots to radiate outward from it, without crowding. The bud should be oriented with bud eyes facing up

Some species, including Eremurus himalaicus and E. robustus, can be hardy to zone 3 if protected in winter. Roots may be lifted in fall, and stored indoors cool and dry, prior to planting again in spring, if not hardy to your area

Erythronium species

dog tooth violet, trout lily

Start from seed when ripe, well-drained soil, 1/8" deep, or in spring. Germination quite irregular. Part shade, ideally dappled shade and moist, fertile, well-drained soil. Divide clumps in summer. Hardy to zone 3

Eschscholtzia californica

California poppy

Sow in fall or in spring when snow clears, directly onto ground; some light needed to germinate. Fairly hardy annual, self-sows. Does not take well to transplanting. Likes well-drained sandy soil, sunny and ex-posed locations; tolerates drier conditions. In warmer areas, sow late fall

Eucharis grandiflora

Amazon lily

Enjoys a warm, sunny spot, relatively frequent feeding and watering, and well-drained medium. Provide with a 6 week dormant period in winter, with lower temperatures of around 50F/10C and lower light conditions, until leaves droop. Leaves should not be allowed to die back. Do not transplant, repot and divide, unless very definitely required. Also known as E. amazonica. Zone 10

Eupatorium purpureum

Joe Pye weed

Sow seed just covered in spring, or divide early in spring or in fall. Germination can be erratic. Boggy soils tolerated, as are most others, though moist, well-draining soil is ideal. Sun to part shade. Zone 4-9

Euphorbia marginata

snow-on-the-mountain

Seed 65-75/18-24C, or sow outdoors directly after last frost. Good light and well-drained soil ideal. Poor to average soil, does well in hot and dry conditions. Half-hardy annual

Euphorbia pulcherrima

poinsettia

Grow from softwood cuttings in spring. Provide with a cool room, very good light, and moist soil; move indoors before first frost. After leaves fall, place in cool light place and water very infrequently; cut back in mid spring and repot, and resume watering. May trim plant again early summer. Zone 9-10

Fatsia japonica

Japanese fatsia, figleaf palm, Japanese aralia

Sow seeds at 70-75F/21-24C, 1/4" deep. Enjoys moist shade or good indirect light. May be set outside in summer, or grown outside year-round in warmer climates. Grow from cuttings in spring, using a warmed propagator, or semi-ripe cuttings in summer. Zone 8-10

Ficus elastica

India rubber plant

Seed sown uncovered, good light, kept moist until germination. 70-80F/21-27C. Grow in good indirect light and well-draining soil. Multiply using stem cuttings, 3-4" length, with one leaf left attached but shortened, and a healthy bud in the leaf axil. Air-layering is used to more consistently successfully propagate this species. Zone 10

Ficus lyrata

banjo fig

Seed is surface sown, needs light to germinate, temperatures of 70-75F/21-24C. Bright indirect light, well-drained soil. Reproduce also by air layering or from hardwood stem cuttings, 3-4" in length, with one leaf left attached but shortened, and a healthy bud in the leaf axil. Warm temperatures required for growth also. Zone 10

Filipendula species

meadowsweet

Seed sown just covered in a protected location when fresh in fall, or in spring at 50-60F/10-15C. Sun to part shade and moist, fertile soil; F. rubra, or queen-of-the-prairie, F. ulmaria and F. vulgaris, dropwort, tolerate boggy soils. Divide in early spring or fall. Zone 3-9

Note that Filipendula ulmaria is also known as Spiraea ulmaria, and F. vulgaris as F. hexapetala

Fittonia species net leaf, nerve plant

Grow from cuttings taken spring or summer, or divide carefully in mid-spring; both cuttings and divisions establish better at temperatures of 70F/21C, and using bottom heat. Grow at 60F/15C or above, provide light shade, good humidity essential. Well-draining soil, water very regularly without drowning the plant, less in winter

Fittonia verschaffeltii argyroneura, the popular nerve plant or silver net leaf, is also known as F. argyroneura

Freesia species

May be started from seed in spring: soak 24 hours in warm water, then sow in peaty soil, 1/4" deep, 65F/18C. Sprouting is erratic. Good drainage and rich, sandy soil required. Plant corms after last frost, 2" deep, 2-3" apart, even less in pots. When leaves fall, dig and dry corms, and store cool, slightly damp and dark, to overwinter. Zone 9-10

Alternatively, add a growing/flowering season by re-planting indoors in early winter, shallowly in rich soil, kept under 50F/10C and shady, watering sparingly. When upward growth resumes, provide warmer temperatures and good indirect light. Move outside the next spring

The second schedule mimics the plant's own winter-growing pattern, which may be followed quite independent of schedule number one: plant and re-plant bulbs in early fall, keep cool and dry until growth starts, then bring them in and support their winter growth through flowering, or leave outside in zones 9 and 10. When leaves die back, reduce watering, and keep dry and dormant during summer. Remove offsets when repotting

Fritillaria species

fritillary

F. biflora, F. pallidiflora, F. pontica, F. uva-vulpis and F. verticillata require much the same conditions as F. meleagris below. Other species may prefer more sun; all require reasonably good light. Sow seed im-mediately when ripe, or in fall or winter; treat older seed for double dormancy, or propagate by bulb scaling, as below. Some species also produce bulblets which can be removed and planted. Zone 3-9

Fritillaria imperialis

crown imperial

Ideally, sow seed immediately when ripe, and takes months or years to sprout. If planting is delayed, expect a double dormancy: give seeds 3 months in fridge, 3 months at 70F/21C, another 3 in fridge, and grow on at 70F/21C. Sow barely covered, deep, fertile, sandy soil. Good drainage and ample moisture essential; protect from full sun. Takes years to flower from seed. Transplants poorly. Zone 3-9

Set bulbs 6" deep, about 8" apart, in early fall. Plants may be propagated by bulb scaling, planting individual scales off a bulb, each with part of the basal plate still attached, in sandy compost, with tips just above the surface

Fritillaria meleagris

snake's head

Treat seed for double dormancy, as above, or sow seed immediately when ripe. In early fall, plant bulbs some 3" deep, moist, well-draining soil. Light shade. Also propagated by bulb scaling, as above

Fuchsia species

 

Soak seed 3-4 days, changing water daily, then sown 70-75F/21-24C, on soil surface, kept moist at all times. Light required for germination; this can be quite unpredictable. May or may not grow true from seed. Some forms hardy into zone 8

Grow from softwood stem cuttings in spring and summer, started with temperatures over 60F/15C. Grow at temperatures above 45F/7C, pro-tected spot, good indirect light

Gaillardia species

blanket flower

Easy from seed, sown indoors some three weeks before last frost, or outdoors, spring and summer, 65-75F/18-24C. May also sow seed in fall when ripe. Full sun and sandy, well-draining soil; poor soils tolerated, as are hot, dry conditions

Perennial species may be grown from root cuttings in early winter, rooted in a cold frame, or divide in spring. Perennials hardy zones 4-9, and some into zones 3 and 10

Galanthus nivalis

snowdrop

In early fall, set bulbs into rich, organic soil, well-drained soil, partial shade, some 2" deep; may be naturalized in grass. Divide after flowers die back in spring, and replant immediately. May also be grown from seed, sown immediately when ripe, or from chipping or twin scaling. Do not fertilize. Zone 3-9

Gentiana species

gentian

Stratify seed in freezer for 3 weeks, then sow just covered at 55-70F/13-21C; germination very erratic. Or sow immediately when ripe into a sheltered location. Dark aids germination. Fertile, acidic, well-drained soil best; provide ample moisture. Sun to part shade. Perennial species, including G. acaulis and G. verna, may be divided in spring, and can also be grown from basal cuttings rooted at this time, using bottom heat. Zone 4-9

The trumpet gentian, Gentiana clusii, does well in alkaline soils; hardy zones 7-9. G. lutea is indexed under Herbs

Geranium species

cranesbill

Seed sown onto moist, well-drained soil, 50F/10C, in spring or when ripe in fall; germination may be erratic. Sun, part shade ideal in hot climates; dry periods typically tolerated. Divide in spring or fall, or grow from cuttings in summer. May be used as a ground cover. Zone 3-9

Geranium maculatum very good in shade; hardy zones 5-8. G. cinereum well suited to sun, exposed locations such as rock gardens; zone 4-9. Note that the florist's geranium falls under the separate genus Pelargonium

Gladiolus species

sword lily

Plant corm in rich, well-draining soil, 4-6" apart, after last frost. May try soaking 24 hours before planting. Water, but sparingly, and provide good light. Growing plants often require staking for support. Most plants half-hardy to zones 9-10 only; see exceptions below

Dig corms after the first frost kills the leaves, rub off soil and remove remaining foliage. Allow to mature at room temperature several weeks, then remove old corm, and mature another week or two. Store dark, dry and unprotected, cool but not freezing

G. byzantinus, G. communis, G. italicus and G. nanus are fairly hardy, and can be grown outside. Plant in the fall, some 3" deep in a protected warm spot. Well-draining rich soil ideal; protect with mulch in the winter. G. communis and G. italicus hardy to zone 5

Gloriosa superba

fame lily, glory lily, climbing lily

Plant tubers horizontally, several per large pot, one per 8-10" pot, set fairly deeply in pot. Sandy soil ideal. Start in spring, indoors, temperatures 55-60F/12-15C, and may keep indoors or move outdoors in sum-mer. In fall, dig tubers, store clean and dry, cool, to overwinter. Offsets may be removed and repotted, as these develop

Can also start from seed, spring, temperatures of 70-75F/21-24C. Also known as Gloriosa rothschildiana. Zone 10

Gloxinia species

Seed started in winter or early spring, 65-75F/18-24C, surface sown on well-draining, humus-rich soil. Moist, shaded spot, or good indirect light. Alternately, young shoots may be separated off in spring, each still attached to a section of tuber, or score the veins on the underside of leaf cuttings, and root these lying flat on soil. Genus also known as Sinningia. Zone 10

Tubers may be lifted in fall after withholding water, allowing foliage to die down; store dry and cool, then replant in late winter, shallowly in damp medium until sprouted, then set 1" deep in soil. Tubers may be cut into sections, each with at least one eye, prior to being planted

Godetia grandiflora

Easy annual from seed sown directly outside, shallowly, about 2 weeks before last frost; may be fall-sown in zones 9-10 if provided with very well-draining soil. For light, poor to average, well-drained soil in a cool, shaded spot. Genus also known as Clarkia

Gomphrena globosa

globe amaranth

Start indoors 4 weeks before last frost, sown shallowly at 65-75F/18-24C, and set out 6 weeks later, or sow outside after last frost. Warm, fertile, well-drained soil; tolerates dry and alkaline soil. Full sun. May be grown as pot plant in very good light

Gypsophila species

baby's breath

Sow outdoors from last frost date onward, or start indoors in late winter, early spring, 70F/21C. Does well in dry conditions, poor to fair well-drained soil, appreciates moisture and sunlight. Grow also from root cuttings, or softwood cuttings in summer. Note that G. elegans is an annual, G. paniculata and G. repens are perennial. Zone 3-8

Helenium autumnale

sneezeweed

Sow shallowly indoors at 65-70F/18-21C, and set out later, or direct-seed outside. Full sun and fertile, well-draining soil; tolerates moist or even wet soils. Divide spring or fall. Zone 3-9

Helianthus species

sunflower

Start indoors 3 weeks before last frost, or sow direct around or after last frost, 1/4-1/2" deep and 6" apart, into moist well-draining soil. Thin to 12 or 18" apart. Does not transplant well. Provide good light, and water regularly. Though the sunflower most commonly grown is the annual Helianthus annuus, perennial species are hardy in zones 3-8; these may be divided in spring or fall

Helichrysum species

strawflower

Surface sow outdoors in late spring, or start indoors early spring, 65-75F/18-24C, and set out a few weeks after last frost; light needed for germination. Well-drained soil, full sun. Perennial species are usually grown as annual, typically hardy zone 8-10; where hardy may be divided in spring, or grown also from semi-ripe cuttings, summer

Helichrysum italicum, or curry plant, is also known as H. angustifolium, and is hardy zones 8-10. H. petiolatum, the liquorice plant, hardy zone 10, and may also be grown from stem tip cuttings

Heliotropium arborescens

heliotrope

Seed started indoors in early spring, sown shallowly, temperatures of 80F/27C days, 60F/15C nights ideal, though can be germinated at lower daytime temperatures. Transplant after last frost. Germination often erratic. Fertile well-draining soil, sun to part shade. Perennial usually grown as annual; may be overwintered indoors. Can also grow from greenwood stem cuttings, or hardwood cuttings late in summer or fall. Zone 10

Also known as Heliotropium peruvianum

Hemerocallis species

day lily

Sow in fall or stratify seed 6 weeks, sow just covered. Does well in most soils, including clay, but prefers them neutral to slightly acidic and well-drained. Moist partial shade ideal, and well suited to bog gardens; full sun and dry conditions are often well tolerated. Zone 2-10

Divide the tough root system into clumps of 4" or greater, using a spade or pry the clump apart using two pitchforks facing away from each other, up to two months before frost hits hard. In warmer areas, divide only in early spring or late fall. Purchased specimens best planted in early spring

Hepatica species

Seed has very irregular germination: light and cool are essential. May stratify seed 3 weeks, then sow just covered, in well-drained, moist and fertile soil, or sow immediately when ripe. Grow in part shade. May also divide in fall, set crowns at soil level. Zone 4-8

Hesperis matronalis

dame's rocket

Requires light for germination; surface sow when outside temperatures reach 65F/18C in spring, may also be sown in fall. Well-drained soil, poor soils tolerated, sunny spot. Self-sows. Propagate also from non-woody basal cuttings in spring, or divide in spring. Zone 3-10

Hippeastrum species

amaryllis

Enjoys a warm, sunny spot, and relatively frequent feeding and watering. Plant one or two per good-sized pot, and fill with gritty soil around bulb, oriented with growing tip up, covering the bulb to its neck, water thoroughly. Place in warm, light place until growth noted, then resume watering. Do not overwater. Zone 9-10

May be moved outside as weather warms, in or out of pots. In late summer, decrease watering to induce dormancy, and bring inside. Keep dormant several months. Remove offsets in fall. Note: while commonly called amaryllis, this name really belongs to the very different genus Amaryllis

Hosta species

Sow outdoors in a cold frame or other protected location, immediately when ripe, or anytime from October to February, just covered; keep moist. Seed may also be started indoors winter through summer, may benefit from 2-3 weeks' stratifying, 55-60F/13-15C

Fleshy crowns may be divided early spring, by hand or using a sharp spade. Set new sections about an inch below soil level. Moist to wet clay-based soil tolerated well, thrives in partial to full shade. Zone 3-10, though many can be quite difficult to grow in very warm climates

Hyacinthoides species

bluebell

Sow seed in fall, when fresh. Prefers somewhat moist conditions, very tolerant of shade, i.e. open woodland, also does well in sun. Naturalizes well. Set bulbs some 3" deep in fall, and divide in fall. Hardy to zone 4. This genus also known as Endymion

Hyacinthus orientalis

hyacinth

Sunny spot to light shade, fair to good drainage, soil neutral pH to mild-ly acidic. Plant in fall, some 4" deep; also lift and divide in fall. Mulch over winter. May also be started from seed, sown in fall when ripe, ideally into cold frame for protection; will not come true to type. Or propagate by bulb chipping or twin scaling. Hardy to zone 4

Hymenocallis species

Peruvian daffodil, spider lily

Set bulbs 3" deep and about 8" apart, light shade ideal, into rich, well-draining soil, provide ample water, when temperatures are at least 60F/12C at night. In colder climates, bulbs may be dug up before last frost, dried a few days, then remove dead leaves and store up side down in peat, cool but above 50F/10C

Fertilize potted plants regularly; these also require temperatures over 50F/10C throughout the year. Propagate by offsets. Note: some genus members also known under name Ismene. Zones 9-10

Hypericum calycinum

Aaron's beard, creeping St. Johnswort

Sow seed in fall, just covered in well-drained soil; or start in spring, 50-50-60F/10-15C. Shade and drought tolerant. May be used as ground cover; spreads readily via runners, grows well on slopes. Cuttings taken in spring or summer, or divide spring or fall. Zone 5-9

Iberis umbellata globe

candytuft

Easy from seed sown directly outside into well-drained, moist soil, 55-65F/13-18C. Full sun; does well in exposed sites and seashore locations. Self-seeds

Impatiens balsamina

rose balsam

Cuttings root well in water, and are faster than seed; can be grown year-round indoors. To start from seed, sow indoors 8 weeks before last frost, set lightly into moist well-draining compost, or directly in garden in spring, after frost danger resolved. Light needed for germination, keep moist, and grow in sun to part shade, or indoors, in good light. Temperature 70F/21C. Easy annual; may overwinter by cuttings

Impatiens walleriana

patience plant, buzy Lizzie

Must germinate uncovered, temperature 70F/21C, light needed for germination. Start indoors 10 weeks before last frost; anytime if to be kept inside. Guard against damping off. Space 10", 2 weeks after last frost; does well in moist shade, loose well-draining soil. Cuttings taken at any time, will root even in water, pot when roots 1-2" and healthy; may be overwintered by cuttings

Ipomoea species

morning glory

Chip seed coat, soak overnight; may be presprouted. May start inside 1 month before last frost, or outdoors when soil warms up. Soil ideally less rich, well-drained; does well in sandy soil. Sun to part shade. Reproduce also from softwood cuttings. Perennial usually grown as annual; most are tender, though some species hardy to zone 5

Iris species

Full sun and light, rich, well-drained soil preferred; alkaline soil often appreciated. Set bulbs or rhizomes some 3" deep in late summer, fall. May dig plants in fall, trim leaves back to 2-3" above the roots, and divide rhizomes or bulbs as necessary prior to replanting at least 1-2' apart, every few years. Survives transplanting well

May be started from seed in fall, sown 1/4" deep, though cultivars will not come true from seed. Germination quite irregular. Can often be propagated by bulb chipping, also. Many hardy to zone 3

 

Bearded irises, including Iris germanica, I. florentina, or orris root, I. variegata, and other species and numerous cultivars, often do well in drier areas

Iris ensata, previously I. kaempferi, does not do well with alkaline soils, likes moisture but should not be kept wet. Juno irises may be sown or planted in fall, hardy typically to zone 8-9. I. cristata, crested iris, is shade and moisture loving, does well in woodland

For further information on blue and yellow water irises, Iris versicolor and I. pseudoacorus, see the Water Plants section

Kniphofia species

red-hot poker, torch lily

Seed sown at 70-75F/21-24C, or directly outdoors later in spring, 1/4" deep. Sun and fertile, sandy, well-drained soil. Divide in spring; purchased specimens planted at this time. Tolerates hot, dry conditions, though even moisture is ideal. Zone 5-9

Lagenaria siceraria

bottle gourd

Start 6 weeks before last frost, and set out 1-2 weeks after last frost. May also sow outside around last frost; easier though yields are lower. Just cover seeds, may pre-soak several hours. Set in hills 4-6' apart, thin to one seedling per hill. Light, rich, warm, well-draining soil ideal. Also known as L. vulgaris

Lantana species

Sow seed in spring, 1/8" deep in average to fertile, well-draining soil, 70-75F/21-24C; benefits from soaking 24 hours before sowing. Set out after last frost; germination irregular. Good light; tolerates drought. Grow from stem cuttings in spring and summer; may benefit from bottom heat. Perennials hardy zone 9-10, often grown as annuals, especially in colder climates

Lathyrus odoratus

sweet pea

Soak overnight, and chip all seeds that do not swell, except those seeds with white or wrinkled skins, which require no pre-treatment. Plant outdoors when soil is workable, cover with 1/4-1/2" soil, or sow in cold frame. Requires deep, rich soil with excellent drainage, and dark to germinate. Grow in full sun; thin to 10". This annual will benefit from inoculation with any garden pea inoculant; see section on Green Manures

Lavatera trimestris

rose mallow, satin flower

Annual grown from seed started indoors 4 weeks before setting out, sown shallowly at 70F/21C; may also be started directly outside; easily grown in either fashion. Well-drained soil, sun; good in open site

Leontopodium alpinum

edelweiss

Surface sow seed immediately when ripe, or may stratify 3-4 weeks then start indoors, 50-70F/10-21C in late winter; transplant 10 weeks later. Or sow directly outside, in early spring, again after optional 3-4 weeks pre-chilling. Good in rock gardens, requiring gritty, well-drained soil. Full sun. May be divided in spring. Zone 4-6

Leucojum aestivum

snowflake

Shade to full sun, ample water and moist, rich, well-drained soil best. Set about 2" deep in fall or during growing season; may be lifted, divided at the same time. May be started from seed in fall, when ripens. Can be naturalized in grass. Hardy to zone 4

Liatris species

blazing-star, gayfeather

Sow seed in early spring, just covered, 55-70F/13-21C. Moist, well-drained soil; tolerate dry conditions relatively well. Sun to light shade. Divide every few years, in spring. Zones 3-9

Lilium species

lily

Bulbs are ideally planted in late fall, 6" deep and 1' apart. Bulbs may also be planted in early spring. Full sun to partial shade, well-drained rich soil, bulbs should never be wet for any length of time, though plants require regular watering. Mulch in summer. Note that cultural conditions can vary significantly for the hundreds of cultivars available

Tall, top-heavy species will need staking. Some species develop bulblets which are dug and removed in early fall, replanted slightly lower than their original depth. Others produce bulbils from stems or leaf axils; these also may be potted as they are produced. Propagate also by bulb scaling. Benefits from mulch protection in winter. Zone 2-9

Seeds experience double dormancy, and may be sown during the warmest part of the summer or fall, be overwintered in a cold frame or some other protected area. Soak in warm water, overnight, then sow in rich and well-draining compost, just covered. Alternatively, stratify seed for 3 months, then grow at 70F/21C for several months, potting up seedlings as they emerge, stratify remainder, as well as those that pro-duce roots only, for 3 months. Very erratic germination

Regale lily, Lilium regale, seed may be stratified for 1 week or more, then sprouted at warmer temperatures, indoors in good light. Transplant after last frost and plant 6" apart. In late fall of the year after, may dig up, replant 12" apart, 6" deep, into final destination. Hardy to zone 4

Michigan lily, Lilium michiganense, grows from clumps of rhizomes; may be divided in fall. Set bulbs for the Madonna lily, L. candidum, just below soil level. Hardy zones 4-9

Limonium species

statice, sea lavender

Most Limoniums are tender perennials grown as annuals, started from seed, indoors, in early spring, just covered at 60-75F/15-24C, and set out later, or sown directly outdoors some time later. May also be sown when fresh in fall. Fertile, well-drained soil, and sun; dry and saline conditions tolerated. Division in spring or root cuttings, in winter, used also to propagate

Limonium tataricum, German statice, a hardy perennial, may be sown outside in spring; hardy in zones 3-9. L. suworowii must have dark to germinate

Liriope species

lilyturf

Sow seed when ripe, or divide in spring or fall. Ideally grown in light to deep shade, though full sun is tolerated; fertile, moist, acidic and well-drained soil. Dry conditions and salt spray also weathered relatively well. May be grown as ground cover. Hardy into zone 4

The popular Liriope spicata, or creeping lilyturf is hardy zones 5-10; L. muscari, or blue lilyturf, zone 7-10

Lobelia species

Sow seed directly outside in mid-spring, moist, fertile, well-drained soil, or start indoors at 60-75F/15-24C in late winter, and set out some 8-10 weeks later; often started indoors in colder climates. Good light to part shade. May be divided, or can be grown from stem cuttings. Light needed for germination. Perennials hardy to zone 2-10, depending on species

Lobelia cardinalis, the cardinal flower, is hardy zones 3-9, and suitable for wet locations, even 1-2" of water, and clay soils. L. erinus is a very short-lived species typically grown as an annual

Lobularia maritima

sweet alyssum

Needs light to germinate; may be fall-sown for spring germination, or sow on soil surface outdoors 2 weeks before last frost, may also be started inside. Thin to 5" apart. Good light, does well in drier, sandy spots, tolerates exposed and alkaline sites. Propagate also by division of fibrous root system; self-sows readily

Lotus corniculatus

bird's foot trefoil

Seed sown when ripe in fall, or in spring, just covered, 60-65F/15-18C; germination can be irregular. Full sun; tolerant of dry conditions and poor soils. Cuttings may be rooted throughout summer. Zone 3-10

Luffa aegyptica

sponge gourd, loofah

Seed sown in spring, 75-85F/24-29C. Very good light, ample water especially if grown as a pot plant, indoors. Also known as L. cylindrica

Lupinus species

lupine

Soak 24 hours and/or scarify, plant 1/4" deep, needs dark to germinate, may start indoors well before last frost, set out after. Provide rich, well-drained soil and protection from the elements; tolerant some acidic soils. Full sun to part shade. Space 12" apart. Reproduce also by division of the fibrous root system, or using stem cuttings taken from the base of the plant. Zone 4-9

Lychnis chalcedonica

Maltese cross

Seed surface sown at 70F/21C, as light is needed for germination. Can benefit from stratification, or sow in fall when ripe. Moist, fertile, well-drained soil; poor and alkaline soils tolerated. Good light; some shade tolerated. Divide spring or fall. Zone 4-9

Lycoris squamigera

magic lily, Resurrection lily

Sow seed when ripe, or in spring. Offsets removed and repotted late summer. Grow in good light, well-draining soil. Provide ample water until foliage dies in summer, and again when growth resumes in early fall. Zone 5-10

Lythrum salicaria

purple loosestrife

Sow just covered, on damp ground in spring; likes moist soil. Clay-based, boggy and poorer soils tolerated. Good sun to part shade. Grow from basal cuttings in spring, or divide in spring. Zone 3-9

Malva moschata

musk mallow, musk rose

Sow seed shallowly in well-drained, slightly alkaline soil, 60-70F/15-21C, or when fresh in fall. Sun to part shade. Divide in spring, or grow also from basal stem cuttings in summer. Zone 3-8

Masdevallia species

Orchids for a cool, damp spot; day temperatures of 60-75F/15-21C ide-al, though some do well with warmer temperatures in summer. Night temperatures should be lower: 50-55F/10-13C is ideal; diurnal varia-tions of at least 10F/6C are essential. Humidity should be high, from 60 to 100%; the latter ideal when weather is hot. Good ventilation is required. Tolerates low light conditions; moderate light usually best. Water regularly and well; allow potting medium to just be barely dry before watering again

Grow in plastic pots with well-draining, moisture-retaining medium, i.e. fine fir bark, good sphagnum moss, medium treefern fiber. Repot every year or two in early spring, setting crowns just even with or above soil level. High humidity and drier medium helps re-establish plants. Feed once monthly with diluted balanced fertilizer

Matthiola incana

stock

Surface sow 8 weeks before last frost, 60-75F/15-24C; light aids germination. Grow at 50-55F/10-13C once germinated, and transplant after last frost date. Good with cool summers; fertile soil, sun to light shade. Accepting of alkaline soil. May be grown as pot plant in good light. Hardy, short-lived perennial, though usually grown as annual

Matthiola bicornis is sown outside around last frost date, or may be started indoors as M. incana; does well in moist shade, though drier soil is tolerated

Medicago sativa

alfalfa

Sow spring or summer, 1 1-2 oz/100 sq ft or 40 gm/10 sq m, neutral to alkaline soil, good winter cover. Deep, vigorous rooting helps break up soil. Good as green manure, alone or with oats, ryegrass; halve the amount if combined with other plants. Tolerant of drier climates

Melilotus

sweet clover

Used as green manures; can be used to break up hard, compacted soil though doesn't tolerate being wet. Sow 1 oz/100 sq ft or 25 gm/10 sq m in spring, or in fall for germination the next spring. Good light to full sun, self-sows freely

Mertensia virginica

Virginia bluebell

Sow in July for germination next spring, or start indoors after 4-6 weeks stratification, just covered. Keep moist, in shade, rich and well-drained soil. Self-sows. Tubers may be planted some 2" deep; may propagate from root cuttings. Zone 3-9

Mesembryanthemum species

iceplant

Surface sow, 70F/21C; may be started indoors and set out after last frost. Grow in full sun, and poor, very well-draining soils; good ground covers for open hillsides. Usually hardy zone 9-10, though some forms are hardy into colder zones

A number of plants previously grouped under Mesembryanthemum are now listed under Cacti & Succulents, namely Carpobrotus edulis and Lampranthus species

Mirabilis jalapa

four o'clocks, marvel of Peru

Easy from seed; soak and surface sow outdoors 2 weeks after last frost, or start indoors 6 weeks before last frost, in fertile, well-drained soil, 65-70F/18-21C. Light aids germination. Sun to part shade. Tolerates hot or dry spots. Tubers may be lifted in spring, stored cool and dry, and replanted in spring

Monstera deliciosa cut-leaf philodendron, ceriman, Mexican bread fruit Grow from stem cuttings, each with one leaf, planting these with aerial roots immediately at soil surface. Keep lightly shaded and moist, grow in rich and well-drained soil, humidity-loving. Known also as Philodendron pertusum. Zone 10

Large plants require very ample vertical room; aerial roots need a solid mat of sphagnum moss to grow into, held by chicken wire, which is occasionally fertilized and kept moist. For large, impressive split leaves, remove and pot the top shoots of mature plants. Reproduce also by air or simple layering

Muscari species

grape hyacinth

Bulbs should be planted immediately in fall, some 2" deep; never allow to dry out. Well-drained soil, full sun to light shade; M. neglectum especially does well in part shade. Some species self-sow well; seed is sown in summer or fall, when ripe. Divide in early fall. Hardy to zone 3

Myosotis species

forget-me-not

Surface sow mid-spring or when ripe in fall; plants self-seed readily. Dark needed to germinate. Good annuals, biennials and perennials for sunny spot or shady location, fertile, moist, well-drained soil. Divide in spring, or grow from softwood cuttings, summer. Zones 3-9

For Myosotis scorpioides, water forget-me-not, see Water Plants

Narcissus species

daffodil

Full sun to part shade, planting depth twice the height of the bulb, set 4-6" apart, in clumps, in late fall. Does well in most soils, appreciates water. Naturalizes well in grass or woodland. Divide tight clumps in spring, when leaves turn yellow, and replant immediately. May also be grown from seed, though will not come true to type, or by bulb twin scaling. To zone 4

Nemophila menziesii

baby blue eyes

Sow seed shallowly in spring or in fall when ripe, outside; grow in partial to full shade, though does well in good light. Low water needs, self-sows. Also known as N. insignis

Nephrolepis exaltata bostoniensis

boston fern, sword fern

Fern spore germinated on peat-based compost; keep moist, covered, in good indirect light. Keep covered until seedlings developing well. Multiply also by clump division. Likes constant, not excessive moisture, some shade. Larger plants may be divided in early fall. Zone 10

Nicotiana alata

flowering tobacco, jasmine tobacco

Needs light to germinate, sow just covered. Start indoors 6 weeks before last frost, 70-75F/21-24C, set out one to two weeks after last frost. Sow outdoors after last frost, or in fall for germination next spring, though this may be less predictable. Sun to partial shade; does well in hot, dry areas

Odontoglossum species

Do well in cool temperatures. Good light essential: east or shaded south window are ideal; provide temperatures of 65-75F/18-24C, night temperatures 50-55F/10-12C. Water regularly; allow potting medium to just be barely dry before watering again. 40 to 80% humidity is important, as is good ventilation

Fertilize with a diluted 20-20-20 every two weeks. Re-pot annually into fine fir bark as new growth emerges from the base of the plant, usually in spring or fall, but keep potbound as much as possible; fine bark may be mixed with small amounts coarse sand, coarse shredded peat, and a little perlite. Keep humidity high and the pot dry until new roots form

Oenothera species

evening primrose

Seed germinates best if provided with good light and alternating warm and cold temperatures, day and night. Sow just covered; light needed for germination; 65-75F/18-24C. These biennials self-sow well, and also spread by runners: separate new plants. Likes sandy soil, toler-ates drier conditions. Full sun to light shade. Zone 3-9

Ornithogalum nutans

star-of-Bethlehem

Plant bulbs in fall, some 2" deep in well-drained fertile soil. Dappled shade to good light, though some protection from full summer sun is ideal, naturalizes well in woodland or lawn. From seed sown when ripe or in spring, or by offsets, which are produced readily. To zone 5

Osmunda regalis

regal fern, royal fern

May be grown from spores sown when fresh, as described for Nephrolepis exaltata, above. Part shade and well-drained soil; sun may be tolerated especially in cooler climates. Good moisture essential; does well in bog gardens. Divide crowns in spring or fall. Zone 3-9

Pachysandra terminalis

Japanese spurge

Good light to heavy shade, rich, dry to moist and well-drained soil, does well on slopes. Good groundcover. Divide in spring, or grow from cuttings at this time, or in late summer. Zone 4-9

Paeonia species

peony

Difficult to grow from seed, which is best sown immediately when ripe into a protected location, may require a double dormancy to germinate; germination is slow and irregular. May however be started from older seed sown in spring, under the same conditions; nick seedcoat prior to sowing. Well-drained soil rich in organic material; accepting of alkali soils. Sunny spot; protect from scorching especially in hotter climates. Water regularly during growth. Zone 2-8; some have been grown out-doors successfully in zone 1

Divide in late summer or early fall; purchased specimens are best planted at this time. Set crowns some 1-2" below soil surface, with eyes pointing up

Peonies are difficult to grow in zones 7-8, but early-blooming forms may flower before hot weather sets in, and return well a next year if the rootstocks are close to soil surface and receive adequate cold exposure in winter: check local nurseries for advice

The growth and propagation of tree peonies, Paeonia lutea and others, are detailed under Trees & Shrubs

Papaver nudicaule

iceland poppy

Surface sow seed as for P. orientale; does not like to be transplanted but may be started indoors in peat pots. May also be sown in fall in warm climates. Dark needed for germination. Well-drained soil, best in partial shade. Biennial for zones 4-9; often grown as annual

Papaver orientale

oriental poppy

Sow outside starting 2 weeks before last frost, or start indoors some 4 weeks prior. Divide root clumps after flowering finishes. Needs light to germinate, surface sow; self-sows readily. Enjoys sandy, well-drained, moist soil, and full sun. Zone 3-9

Papaver somniferum

opium poppy

Sow in fall or in spring when snow clears, directly onto ground; good in an open spot. Seed needs darkness to germinate. Very young plants may be transplanted, with great care. Thin to 6". Annual, self-sows; sandy soil ideal

Paphiopedilum species

lady's slipper orchid

Difficult to start from seed. Divide larger specimens by pulling or cut-ting the leaves apart, into clumps with 3 or 4 growths. Bury the crown 1/2" deep in a smaller pot filled with fine fir bark. Very traumatic to the plant, growth usually affected for that year

These plants require humidity: water as soon as top layer of bark is dry; leave dry little longer in period immediately after flowering, when watered less often, but keep slightly moist at all times. Likes some shade i.e. east or northeast, west or northwest windows. Keep plants at 70-80F/21-27C during the day, plants with mottled leaves at 60-65F/ 15-18C at night, and green-leaved forms even cooler. Feed regularly with high-nitrogen fertilizer. Repot when fir bark shows signs of decomposing. These orchids do well in the home

Pelargonium graveolens

rose geranium

Typically grown from stem cuttings, not seed, though seed may be sown in spring, 70F/21C. Loose, well-drained soil and full sun to light shade. Tolerates drought. May also be grown by softwood cuttings, throughout the growing season. Zone 9-10; may be overwintered in-doors in cooler climates

Pelargonium x hortorum

geranium, zonal geranium

Hybrid geraniums are sown indoors in fall or winter for spring bloom-ing, 1/4" deep, with a soil temperature of 70-75F/21-24C ideal. For summer flowers, soak seeds in warm water 24 hours then plant 8-10 weeks before setting out, some 10" apart. Constant moisture essential. Annual; note also that many hybrid geraniums are sterile and will not produce seed themselves. Once established, plants are quite drought-tolerant

Cuttings from new shoots are taken in spring or late summer. To divide, simply pull fibrous rootball into even parts with healthy roots and shoots. Can overwinter by propagating from stem cuttings 2-4" long taken late summer, and rooted in water or a sterile soil mixture. Or dig up and cut roots back to 2", stems to 4-5", and replant into damp well-drained soil, store in a cool place. Alternatively, simply dig the roots and keep these dark and cool till early spring

Pellaea rotundifolia

button fern

Germinate spores on peat-based compost, keep moist, covered, and in good indirect light; keep covered until seedlings are developing well. Best done in summer. Divide by pulling into fair-sized pieces, spring. Moist soil and good humidity ideal, good indirect light to some shade. Zone 9-10

Penstemon species

beardtongue

Start seed indoors and set out 6-8 weeks later, or sow directly outside, 55-60F/13-15C, just covered; light aids germination. Very well-draining soil, sunny spot, though part shade helpful in hot climates; penste-mons frequently do well under poor conditions

Divide in spring, or grow from cuttings throughout growing season. Annuals typically fairly hardy; perennials typically hardy zones 3-9, with some growing into zone 1. Nevertheless, many perennial species are grown as annuals

Peperomia species

Grow from seed 70-75F/21-24C, surface sow. Tip cuttings root and branch readily, spring and summer, or grow from leaf-stem, leaf, or stem cuttings spring or summer, at 65-70F/18-21C. May also be divided in spring, though repotting should be done as little as possible. Keep warm, allow peaty soil to dry out between watering, good light to some shade. Good indoors. Zone 10

Petunia x hybrida

Perennial grown as annual, started indoors from seed surface sown in late winter or early spring; 75-80F/24-27C, bottom heat may be helpful, decrease temperature to 50-60F/10-15C once germination has been achieved. Best time for starting depends on the individual cultivar; most cultivars do indeed grow true from seed. Sow into fertile, well-draining soil. Sun and protected location ideal, does well in hot and dry climates. Can self-sow

May be overwintered indoors from cuttings taken late fall; grow in good indirect light

Phacelia campanularia

California bluebell

Sow seed outside as soon as soil can be worked in spring, into good, well-draining soil; may be sown also immediately when ripe. Needs dark to germinate. Good in dry, sunny spot; suitable as ground cover

Phalaenopsis species

moth orchid

Does well in moderate to good indirect light; young plants require more. Grow shallow layer medium-grade fir bark. Humidity needed, and temperatures of 60F/15C at night, 75-85F/24-31C in daytime ideal. Water thoroughly, in mornings only, when bark is almost completely dry; water infrequently in rest period after flowering. Fertilize once or twice monthly with diluted high-nitrogen fertilizers, during growing season; use only diluted solutions of balanced fertilizers on seedlings

Very difficult from seed; grow seedlings in a fine grade of bark. Divide larger specimens in spring, into reasonably-sized clumps, using a vitamin B1 solution to stimulate new root growth, and keep shaded several weeks. This is traumatic to the plant, and growth is usually affected. Repot every few years, before bark decomposes

Philodendron domesticum

elephant's ear

Reproduce from softwood cuttings: push sections of stem with one leaf attached into moist soil, with aerial roots immediately at soil surface. Keep shaded and moist; humidity-loving. Fertile, well-drained soil. Simple layering may be used to propagate; air-layer more mature specimens

Can be propagated from seed but erratic and more difficult. Sow just covered, 70-75F/21-24C, spring. Zone 10

Philodendron scandens oxycardium

heart-leaf philodendron, parlour ivy

Again, reproduce from stem sections, one leaf attached, in moist soil, aerial roots immediately at soil surface, spring or early summer. Simple layering and air-layering can be again be used, as above. Keep shaded, moist; humidity-loving, thrives on neglect. May also be grown from seed but usually not worth the effort, as P. domesticum. Zone 10

Phlox drummondii

Texas pride, annual phlox

Start early spring, 60-65F/15-18C, dark needed for germination, or sow directly in a shaded, cool area; full sun tolerated especially in cooler climates. Transplant once only, carefully, 4 weeks after starting seed, or start in peat pots for this reason

Phlox species

Seed may be sown shallowly in fall or spring; may require pre-chilling.

Germination can be erratic. Grow in most fertile, well-drained soils, sun to part shade, though sun ideal especially in cooler climates. Divide every 2-3 years, in spring. Typically good plants for rock gardens. Zones 3-9

Seed for Phlox decussata requires 6 weeks' stratification prior to sowing in spring, or sow seed in fall; may also be grown from root cuttings in winter, as may P. maculata and P. paniculata

Platycerium bifurcatum

stag horn fern

Fern spore germinated on peat-based compost, kept moist, covered, and in good indirect light. Uncover when seedlings developing well. Keep shaded, warm, in good humidity. Best in sphagnum moss especially if grown against log, as an epiphyte

Potentilla species

cinquefoil

Sow seed just covered at 65-70F/18-21C, or when ripe in fall; easy. Full sun to some shade. Well-drained soil required, and P. simplex, P. canadensis, P. recta usually require rather poor, dry soil; these species may be naturalized in lawns. Divide in spring or fall, or grow from soft-wood basal cuttings in spring. Variably hardy in zones 3-10

Primula veris

cowslip

Sow outdoors in a cold frame, or otherwise protected, late fall to early winter, and keep moist. Or stratify 2 weeks, then sow indoors early in the year. Surface-sow, covered, at 50-65F/10-18C, light needed to germinate; when sprouted cover with fine sand, provide at least 55F/12C, good indirect light but no sun, uncover, and water from below

Replant seedlings when 1/2" tall, again with first rosette of leaves 6 weeks later. Plant in protected area, may relocate next year to its intended location. Divide every few years. Grow in moist, well-drained soil, part shade. Zone 5-8

Primula vulgaris

English primrose, common primrose

Soak, then treat seeds as above. Light needed for germination. Grow in moist shade, well-draining soil. Divide every few years. Zone 4-8

Puschkinia scilloides

Lebanon squill

Plant bulbs in fall, about 2" deep into humus-rich, well-drained soil, or start from seed sown immediately when ripe, into a protected location. Sun to part shade; grows best in cool climates. May be naturalized in lawns. Divide in late summer, early fall. Also known as P. libanotica. Zone 4-7

Ranunculus species

buttercup, celandine

Seed sown when fresh in fall, or in spring; sprouting can be erratic. Most soils tolerated well, though moist soil best. Sun to part shade. Divide every few years, mid-spring. Zone 3-10

Ranunculus aquatilis and R. lingua are indexed under Water Plants

Reseda odorata

mignonette

Seed sown directly outdoors, soil surface, 60-70F/15-21C, light needed for germination; may also be sown when fresh in fall. Cool-weather plant, needs well-drained, fertile soil; tolerates poor and alkaline soils, and resents transplantation. Sun

Rhoicissus rhomboidea

natal vine, grape ivy

Grow from seed in spring, 65-70F/18-21C, or sown immediately when ripe. Or grow from stem cuttings taken in spring or summer. Does very well in shade, good well-drained soil. Zone 9-10

Ricinus communis

castor bean plant

Start indoors at 70-75F/21-24C, moist peaty soil, 1/4" deep, early in spring; pre-soaking overnight may help germination. Grow in light, fertile well-drained soil. In colder climates often grown as an annual

Rosa species

cultivars rose

Seed experiences dormancy, and is sown in early fall, or chip and sow 2" apart, kept warm for 1-4 months, stratified in fridge 2-3 months, and sown out. Can take several growing seasons to germinate. Once established, provide with ample water and sunlight; good drainage to at least 1 1/2-2' essential, though heavier soils also tolerated. Fertile soil appreciated, as is very good light, though some forms tolerate considerable shade. Note that named cultivars typically do not grow true from seed. Zone 2-10

Use flowering shoots for stem cuttings, several nodes long, remove flower, and treat with moderate-strength rooting hormone. Plant, keep in good indirect light. May transplant again when roots appear in 2-3 weeks. May also use hardwood cuttings, later in year

Transplant larger specimens, i.e. store-bought plants, into 1 1/2' holes, after pouring in a small heap of rich organic medium, and lower roots onto this. Set the bud union of grafted plants at ground level in warm climates, 2" below ground if exposed to frost. Water then mulch for first few weeks

Bare-root specimens should never be allowed to dry out, and be planted as soon as possible, as described above. If unable to dig them into their final locations, then "heel" them in: bury in rich moist soil slanted almost horizontally, with only the tips of the branches sticking out

Some of the so-called species roses do well in drier climates: Rosa acicularis, R. arkansana, R. rubrifolia, as do some cultivars; species roses are very suitable to natural-looking gardens. R. majalis, May rose, R. gallica, French rose, and R. canina, dog rose, are also quite useful in this setting, as is R. rugosa, the Japanese rose, which tolerates heavy winds. These species variably hardy zones 4-9

Rosa damascena, the damask rose, is the main source of rose attar; R. gallica officinalis is the apothecary rose; both are hardy to zone 5

Rudbeckia hirta

black-eyed Susan, gloriosa daisy

Sow uncovered when seed ripens, or indoors or in cold frame, late winter. Self-sows readily. Divide into 4" clumps, every few years. Likes moist, sandy, moderately fertile soil, and good light; tolerates hot and dry sites well. Also known as R. fulgida. Zone 3-9

Saintpaulia species

African violet

Surface sow in spring, 70F/21C, peaty soil, keep slightly humid. Germination is erratic. Grow in good indirect light to part sun, good, peaty, well-draining soil, water regularly, fertilize every few weeks during growing season leading up to flowering

Commonly reproduced from leaf cuttings with stalks intact, planted with leaf base at soil level. Will also grow if stalks removed and base set 1/4" deep. Keep warm and damp. Alternatively, leave in water and pot when healthy set of 1" roots have developed

Salpiglossis sinuata

painted tongue

Seed started indoors in early spring, sown on surface of fertile, well-draining soil, 65-75F/18-24C; set out 6 weeks later. May also be sown directly outdoors in late spring. Needs dark for germination, which is irregular. Grow in full sun. May also be sown in fall to be grown as an indoor plant, during winter

Salvia species

Easy from seed started indoors late in winter, 65-75F/18-24C, surface sown as light needed for germination; moist, average well-drained soil. Grow on cooler and protect from full sun until established; best grown on in full sun to light shade. Perennials also grown from cuttings in summer, or divide in spring; hardy zones 4-10

Salvia farinacea usually grown as an annual, hardy zones 8-10, and has good heat and drought tolerance. S. sclarea, or clary sage, is a biennial best grown from seed, hardy zones 5-9. The annual S. splendens, scarlet sage, does well in shade

Sanguinaria canadensis

bloodroot

Divide rhizomes in fall, planting them just under soil surface at least 6" apart, with buds pointing upward. Fresh seed germinates readily, if allowed to dry out, will germinate next year. Cool temperatures, just covered. Part shade and moist, fertile soil, ideal for open woods. Hardy to zone 3

Sansevieria trifasciata

mother-in-law's tongue, snake plant

Grow from leaf cuttings to maintain original striping. Cut 4" sections across grain of the leaf and pot right side up. When new shoots appear discard or even cut free and re-root leaf cutting. The plant itself reproduces readily by rhizomatous spread; new offsets may be dug up and repotted, and will also maintain original variegation, if present

Scabiosa atropurpurea

pincushion, sweet scabious

Annual; easy from seed. May be started indoors up to 8 weeks before last frost, sow shallowly at 70-75F/21-24C, or directly outside in mid-spring. Sun and fertile, well-drained, alkaline soil; water regularly in hot weather. S. stellata grown in the same fashion

Scabiosa caucasica, a perennial species, propagated by seed sown late in spring or in fall when ripe, from basal cuttings in spring, or by division at this time. Grow in neutral soil. Zone 4-9

Scilla species

squill

Most do well in sun and many are shade tolerant. Set some 2" deep in fall, into well-draining soil; divide offsets in fall. Grow from seed in fall, when ripe; often self-sows well. Summer-flowering species have been renamed Hyacinthoides, and are indexed as such. To zone 3

Sedum spectabile

showy stonecrop, live forever

Sow onto surface of well-drained soil, indoors or in cold frame, earlier in the year, 50F/10C. Set out in fall, dry sunny areas. Though best in average to rich, well-draining soil, tolerant of less ideal soils and some shade. Propagate by clump division. Perennial, hardy to zone 4

Senecio cineraria

dusty miller

Sow seed outside in spring, shallowly in light, well-draining, neutral soil. Full sun; tolerates drier soils. May also start indoors 8 weeks before last frost, 60-70F/15-21C, or grow from cuttings or by layering. Also known as S. bicolor cineraria and Cineraria maritima. To zone 6

Senecio x hybridus

cineraria

Sow indoors, 70-80F/21-27C, uncovered. Germination erratic. Set out when true leaves have appeared. A good indoor plant if provided with cool temperatures of 65F/18C or less, good indirect light. Water regularly, but must not be overwatered; reasonable humidity helpful. May be grown outdoors as a half-hardy biennial or perennial, in sun and well-drained soil; can be divided in spring

Silene species

catchfly, campion

Sow directly outside just before last frost, just covered in average to rich well-drained soil, or sow immediately when fresh. Sun to part shade. Can also be grown from greenwood cuttings, spring. Divide perennial species in spring; these variably hardy in zones 3-9

Solanum capsicastrum

false Jerusalem cherry, Christmas cherry

Needs light to germinate, and is sown onto surface of well-drained soil. 70-80F/21-27C. Grow in bright light but cooler temperatures. In cold climates, should be grown as annual or overwintered indoors, though will comfortably spend all year indoors. Stem tips can be used for green or semi-ripe cuttings

Soleirolia soleirolii

baby's tears, mother-of-thousands,

mind-your-own-business Keep cool, out of direct sun, and keep moist. Stem cuttings root very easily, throughout year; or divide throughout the year. Hardy to zone 8; though leaves may die, regrows readily from root system

Solidago species

goldenrod

Seed may be sown when fresh, just covered, or sow seed directly out-side in mid-spring. Average, well-drained soil; tolerant of hot, dry conditions. Sun to light shade. Divide in spring or fall, every few years; may self-seed. Zones 3-8

Spathiphyllum

peace lily

Divide root clump after watering, by pulling apart into reasonably sized pieces, spring or summer. Keep moist, warm, prefers part shade and rich soil

Stephanotis floribunda

Hawaiian wedding flower

Sow seed just covered, peaty soil, spring; bottom heat may help. Protect from full sun in summer, and does well good indirect light. Rich, well-draining soil. May also propagate from soft or semi-hard cuttings or simple layering in summer

Strelitzia reginae

bird of paradise

Remove orange tuft from seed and soak 12-48 hours; change water daily if more than 24 hours. Sow in moist sand, 75F/24C, keeping eye exposed, check weekly for germination; note that root may develop first. Pot up at first sign of growth. Germination often delayed. Good light, protect from scorching sun, water regularly, grow in good well-draining soil

Divide rhizomatous clump after flowering or in spring, relatively infre-quently, providing a good-sized pot to grow into. Zone 9-10

Streptocarpus species

cape primrose

Surface-sow in spring, needs light to germinate, onto peaty soil. Older plants may be divided in spring, or cut leaves into many pieces, potting each up separately, early summer. Some may be grown from stem cuttings also. Good indirect light, moist, fertile soil, and good humidity ideal. Zone 10

Syngonium podophyllum

arrow leaf vine

Stem cuttings with aerial roots root easily, spring and early summer. May air-layer older specimens. Good indirect light, good humidity, rich well-drained soil. Also known as Nephthytis triphylla. Zone 10

Synthyris missurica

Easily grown from seed sown in late spring, or divide at this time. Light shade and moist, humus-rich, well-draining soil. Zones 4-8

Tagetes species

marigold

African cultivars, or T. erecta varieties, and triploid hybrids are started indoors or under cover in early spring, 6 weeks before last frost, bottom heat helpful; a soil temperature of 75-80F/24-27C is ideal. Transplant after frost is past. Some African cultivars, i.e. double dwarfs, should be started 10 or more weeks before last frost

French and signata marigolds, or Tagetes patula and T. signata, respectively, may also be started this way, or are sown directly after last frost. Good sun and sandy, well-draining, otherwise average soil ideal. Water sparingly, except in hot weather, when regular, thorough water-ings should be provided. Also tolerates quite alkaline soils. Annuals

Thalictrum species

meadow rue

Seed sown 1/8" deep when fresh, into moist, average, well-drained soil, or may be sown in spring, 50-60F/10-15C; germination irregular. Full sun to part shade; protect from scorching in hot areas, and shelter from heavy winds. Divide every 4 years, in spring, or grow from basal cuttings taken at this time. Zone 4-9

Thunbergia alata

black-eyed Susan

Sow outdoors, just covered, at least 2 weeks after last frost; germina-tion erratic. Or may be started indoors, 6 weeks before last frost, 65-75F/18-24C, and moved out after last frost. Full sun, moist, fertile and sandy soil; some shade is tolerated. Propagate also from cuttings in summer; bottom heat may be useful. Suited to pot culture, if given ample room. Tender perennial usually grown as annual

Tithonia rotundifolia

Mexican sunflower

Surface sow seed indoors from late winter onwards, 65-70F/18-21C, or sow directly outside sometime later. Light needed for germination. Well-drained soil, good light; tolerant of hot, dry conditions, poor soils

Trachymene coerulea

blue lace flower

Seed sown shallowly at 65-70F/18-21C, into fertile, well-drained soil; needs dark to germinate. Sun and protected location ideal. Known also as Didiscus coeruleus

Tradescantia species

spiderwort

Hardy perennials started from seed in mid-spring, sown just covered, temperature 65-70F/18-21C in day, less at night. May divide in spring or fall, every few years. Well-draining moist soils. Sun to light shade. Zone 3-8

 

Tradescantia blossfeldiana,Tradescantia zebrina

wandering sailor, inch plant

Reproduce these houseplants via 3-4" tip cuttings taken in spring, may be rooted in water or soil, potted when roots are 1" in length. Good indirect light, water regularly in summer, less in winter. T. blossfeldiana is also known as T. cerinthoides; T. zebrina as Zebrina pendula. Zone 9-10

Trifolium species

clover

Green manure sown spring, summer, early fall; sow later for winter cover crop, 1 oz/100 sq ft or 25 gm/10 sq m for most species. May mix oats, ryegrass for green manure, halving the amount of seed used. Self-sows well, may also be divided in spring. Well-drained soil and full sun best; acidic soils not tolerated by most

Trillium species

New shoots are produced off spreading rhizomes, and may be divided and replanted in fall, some 2-3" deep. Rich acidic soil, dappled shade, moist. Seed experiences double dormancy: stratify 3 months, grow warm for 3 months, and stratify 3 months again. Sown outside takes 2 or more years to germinate. Surface-sow onto well-drained medium. Zones 4-9

Trollius europaeus

globeflower

Bog plant, requires moist or wet soil, tolerates clay. Seed is surface sown in summer or fall, ideally immediately when ripe, as germination can otherwise be erratic; may however be sown outside in early spring. Divide in spring, or propagate from root cuttings taken while dormant. Zone 5-8

Tropaeolum majus

nasturtium, Indian cress

Seed sown direct when ground has warmed, 1/4" deep into average, well-drained soil; poor soils tolerated. Dark may aid germination. Full sun to part shade; protect from scorching in hot climates. May grow in-doors in a sunny spot, especially dwarf cultivars. Self-seeds

Tulipa species

tulip

Requires good drainage, good soil, sun, lots of room. Set small wild species 4" deep, larger ones and hybrid tulips 6-8" deep, 4-6" apart, planting late fall and winter until ground freezes solid. Store bulbs in refrigerator if any delay in planting. May be started from seed but unpredictable: sow late winter to very early in spring, or in fall, 1/8 to 1/4" deep. Zone 3-8

To have repeated, very successful blooms these should be dug late each spring and replanted late in fall; if not, energy goes to bulblet production instead and the size of the show will diminish each year. To reproduce, leave bulbs in place and divide in fall

Species tulips typically smaller, 4" deep, naturalize well. Tulipa tarda, T. kaufmanniana, T. turkestanica and T. linifolia all hardy to zone 4

Vallota speciosa

Scarborough lily, berg lily

Grow from seed in spring, 65-70F/18-21C, shallowly in well-drained soil. Plant single bulbs in 5" pots, and allow to crowd until the pot visibly suffers, before repotting into somewhat larger pot; fertilize occasionally during growing season. Should never completely dry out, though water less in dormant period; sun to light shade

Well suited to a bright, warm spot indoors. Offsets may be carefully removed in spring, if produced. Also known as Cyrtanthus purpureus. Zone 10

Vanda species

Grow outside in light shade or full sun, in warm climates with day tem-peratures 65F/18C or more year-round, or overwinter indoors in sunny spot. Strap-leaved types better suited to light shade and colder climates, needing less light than terete and semi-terete types. Grow in coarse, well-drained orchid medium. 80% humidity and good ventilation required on hot, sunny days; on such days, outdoor plants may need watering and misting several times per day. Water sparingly in winter or on cloudy, cool days

Feed weekly with a balanced fertilizer, every two weeks in winter, when an occasional high-phosphate feed may be helpful. Repot in spring, only when potting medium has broken down, and protect until new root growth has occured. Can be grown also from stem cuttings rooted in summer using bottom heat, each section with aerial roots

Verbena species

vervain

Sow outside around last frost date, or start indoors early spring, just covered, keep dark to germinate; 65-70F/18-21C. Set out in 4 weeks. Good light, and fertile soil; does well under scorching sun. May also be grown from seed sown when fresh in fall, from stem tip cuttings late in spring, or from stem cuttings in fall. Divide perennial species in spring; these variably hardy in zones 3-10

Verbena bonariensis easy from seed, though it may benefit from a few weeks' pre-chilling. Many soils tolerated, as are hot conditions; hardy zones 7-10

Veronica species

speedwell

Seed started indoors, 60-70F/15-21C, or outdoors around last frost; light needed for germination. May also be sown immediately when ripe in fall. Well-drained soil and sun to part shade ideal; often accepting of alkaline, very moist or dry, and clay soils, depending on the species. Division spring or fall; may also be grown from cuttings in spring and summer. Zones 2-10

Veronica spicata, the spike speedwell, especially tolerant of many soils and moisture conditions. V. prostrata is a very good ground cover. V. repens and V. filiformis, or bird's-eye veronica, are tolerant of heavy shade; the latter naturalizes well in lawns, but can be quite invasive and is considered a weed by many

Viola species

violet

Seeds sown lightly covered spring, as soon as soil can be worked, or in fall; some species require stratification or fall-sowing. Dark required for germination, which is often irregular. Deeply-draining rich soil, sun to part shade, keep cool and moist. The perennial forms are typically hardy zones 4-8, though some, like V. labradorica, the Labrador violet, are hardy to zone 2

Perennials may also be divided in spring, or grown from basal cuttings taken in spring. Rhizome cuttings may be taken in early spring, or plantlets on runners may be divided off once rooted. May naturalize in lawns

Viola odorata, the sweet, English or garden violet, hardy to zone 5, requires stratification

Viola x wittrockiana

pansy

Start from seed 3 months before last frost, 60-65F/15-18C to germi-nate, must have dark to germinate. Then grow cooler, harden off and set out 2 weeks before last frost. Provide ample light, well-drained, moist soil. Or sow late summer, inside in cool area, and move outside into protected area in the fall, at least four weeks before first frost

Relatively hardy perennials: many can be overwintered outside at least to zone 6, especially if protected with mulch

Xeranthemum annuum

common immortelle

Seed started indoors, 70F/21C, just covered, or may be sown directly outside in mid-spring. Transplant carefully, once only. Sun and light, fertile, very well-drained soil; tolerates fairly alkaline spots

Zantedeschia aethiopica

calla lily, arum lily

May start from seed, surface sow, 70F/21C. Keep moist; needs light to germinate. Grow in good indirect light, water well during growing sea-son, until finished flowering. Grown as a marginal in warmer areas, and is quite happy with 6" water overhead. Well-draining, rich soil.

Zone 7-10; needs winter protection in zone 7, but can be left in place. Propagate also by offsets when replanting

Set rhizomes 4" deep, 1' apart, rich soil. Plant shallower in 6" pots, but if possible set deep into large containers. Let plant die back in fall, and dig roots after first frost, removing stems just above base. Store in a cool, slightly damp and dark place, checking every few weeks over winter. Or keep rhizomes dry and potted over winter, until growth resumes, or keep watering to keep in growth, if indoors

Zinnia angustifolia

Start seed 1 week before last frost, 70-80F/21-27C, and transplant a few weeks after, or sow outside when soil warms up. Loves full sun, tolerates heat and drought, does well in poor to fertile, well-drained soils. Don't overwater. Very easy from seed

Zinnia elegans and Z. melampodium grown in the same manner; the latter is the drought-tolerant African Zinnia. Note that hybrids are best started indoors, as opposed to seeding directly, outdoors

Plants of Home and Garden indexed elsewhere

Trees & Shrubs
Abutilon species	flowering maple
Aralia elegantissima	see Dizygotheca elegantissima
Araucaria heterophylla	Norfolk island pine
Ardisia crispa	coral berry, spear flower
Azalea species
Bougainvillea glabra	paper flower
Bougainvillea x buttiana
Buddleia davidii	butterfly bush, summer lilac
Caesalpinia gilliesii	bird-of-paradise plant
Caesalpinia pulcherrima	dwarf red poinciana, peacock flower, Mexican bird of paradise, pride of Barbados
Calluna vulgaris	Scotch heather, ling
Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis	dwarf broom
Chamaedorea elegans	parlour palm
Cordyline terminalis	Hawaiian ti plant, ti tree, dragon tree
Cycas revoluta	sago palm
Cytisus species	broom
Daboecia cantabrica	Irish heath, St. Dabeoc's heath
Daphne cneorum	rose daphne
Daphne mezereum	mezereon
Datura species	angel's trumpet
Dizygotheca elegantissima
Dracaena species	dragon tree, dragon lily
Dryas octopetala	mountain avens
Erica herbacea	spring heath, winter heath
Euonymus species	burning bush, spindle tree
Ficus benjamina	weeping fig
Forsythia species
Genista species	broom, gorse
Grevillea robusta	silk oak
Hedera helix	common ivy, English ivy
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis	rose of Smyrna
Hibiscus syriacus	rose of Sharon
Hydrangea species
Jasminum species	jasmine
Lonicera species	honeysuckle
Nerium oleander	oleander, rose bay
Paeonia suffruticosa	tree peony
Plumeria rubra	frangipani
Potentilla fruticosa	shrubby cinquefoil
Rhododendron species
Rhodothamnus chamaecistus
Schefflera actinophylla	umbrella tree
Schefflera arboricola	dwarf schefflera, umbrella tree
Sparmannia africana	African hemp
Spiraea species
Thymus serpyllum	creeping thyme
Ulex europaeus	gorse
Vinca species	periwinkle
Cacti & Succulents
Beaucarnea recurvata	ponytail palm
Crassula arborescens	jade plant
Hoya bella	miniature wax plant
Hoya carnosa	wax flower, wax plant
Kalanchoë blossfeldiana	Christmas kalanchoe
Kalanchoë tomentosa	panda plant, pussy ears
Rochea coccinea
Sedum morganianum	burro's tail, donkey's tail
Sempervivum tectorum	common houseleek
Yucca species
Water Plants
Colocasia esculenta	green taro
Houttuynia cordata
Fruits & Vegetables
Passiflora caerulea	Passion flower
Persea americana	avocado, avocado pear, alligator pear
Phoenix dactylifera	date palm
Podophyllum peltatum	mayapple
Herbs
Alcea officinalis	see Althaea officinalis
Althaea officinalis	hollyhock
Anthemis nobilis	see Chamaemelum nobile
Chamaemelum nobile	chamomile
Crocus sativus	saffron
Gentiana lutea	yellow gentian
Hypericum perforatum	St. John's wort
Lavandula angustifolia	common lavender
Marrubium vulgare	horehound
Matricaria recucita	German chamomile
Monarda didyma	bee balm, bergamot
Grains & Grasses
Arundinaria japonica	metake
Bambusa multiplex	hedge bamboo
Carex morrowii	Japanese sedge
Sisyrinchium angustifolium	blue-eyed grass