Propagating Trees

See the Starting From sections for general information on propagation techniques. More precise details on how to reproduce a species are given only if these differ from the usual. That is, a germinating temperature of 60 to 65F (15 to 18C) is assumed, air layering is done in early summer, etc., unless otherwise stated.

Species grown as bonsai are labelled as such. Note, however, that growing conditions for bonsai differ. The very shallow soil they are forced to inhabit dries out easily and is quickly depleted of nutrients. Watering is a daily affair for most bonsai, fertilizing should take place every 2-4 weeks, and repotting usually every 2 years.

While most bonsai benefit from full sun, and should be grown outside, in summer some protection from scorching is typically required, even if larger, freely-grown specimens tolerate full sun very well.

Abelia species

Grow from softwood cuttings taken in spring, or semi-ripe cuttings in summer, rooted at 65-70F/18-21C. Full sun to some shade, sheltered location with good, well-drained soil. Plant purchased specimens fall or spring, or in warmer climates, in fall or winter. Zone 5-10

Abies species

fir

Soak seeds and stratify in fridge 4 weeks, or sow in fall for better germination, which may be poor. Surface sow 2" apart, 65-75F/18-24C. Light needed to germinate. Grow in moist, well-draining acidic to neutral, soils; good sun. Used as bonsai. Suitable for side-veneer grafting. Zone 2-9

Abutilon species

flowering maple

Grow from seed in spring, sown just covered into fertile, well-drained soil, 65-75F/18-24C, or from stem cuttings in spring or summer. Full sun to part shade; provide good indirect light indoors, where it should be watered regularly, though somewhat less during dormant season. Zone 7-10

Acacia species

wattle

Sow seed shallowly in spring, 70-80F/21-27C, well-drained soil; may soak for up to 24 hours prior to sowing immediately. Full sun. All species suitable for container culture. Tolerates most soils; mature specimens drought-tolerant. Zone 8-10

Acer species

maple

Seed experiences double dormancy, and is ideally planted outside when the seeds drop from the tree, before it can dry out. Or soak seed 48 hours, surface sow, 3" apart, stratify 2 months, then grow warm and moist 2 months, and stratify in fridge another 2 months. Ring-barking is fairly slow. Most maples do well with good light but some shade. Well-draining, acidic, moist soil preferred. Softwood cuttings may also be taken in summer. Zone 2-9

A. japonicum and A. palmatum, Japanese maple, are among those species suited to side veneer grafting; both are hardy zones 5-8. A. palmatum and its cultivars, best grown in a protected location and light shade, are particularly suited to growing in containers, and as bonsai, though most species may be used

Acer saccharum, the sugar maple, is grown as above, though ideally in full sun, as are the Norway maple, A. platanoides, and silver maple, A. saccharinum; the latter is also fairly pollution-tolerant. Hardy respectively to zones 3-7, 4-7, and 3-8. A. platanoides also relatively salt-tolerant, and a good choice for clay soil

Aesculus hippocastanum

horse chestnut, buckeye

Seed sown in fall when ripe, into rich, well-draining soil, consistent moisture, and full sun to part shade. Alternately, may be bud-grafted throughout summer or whip-grafted in winter. A. hippocastanum and other Aesculus species may tolerate saline or very alkaline soils. Pollution-tolerant. Hardy zone 4-7

Other buckeye species may do well zones 3-9

Alnus species

alder

Stratify 2-3 months and plant seed in spring, or sow in fall. Simple layering in late spring or summer, hardwood cuttings early winter. Also propagated by ring-barking and side-veneer grafting. Sun, wet soils. Used for bonsai. Some species hardy to zone 1

Amelanchier species

serviceberry, juneberry

Seed is sown in fall when fresh, into well-draining soil, with even moisture; many soils tolerated well. Or sow in spring after period of stratification. Tolerates some shade. Simple layering may be done later in spring, and suckers may be divided off during dormant season, if produced. Hardy into zone 2

Andromeda polifolia

Surface sow seed in spring, 50-60F/10-15C, onto consistently very moist, fertile, acidic soils; prefers full sun but tolerates light shade. Light needed for germination. Grow also from cuttings taken in late summer, or divide in winter, early spring. Zone 2-6

Araucaria heterophylla

Norfolk island pine

Sow fresh seed immediately, 1/4" deep, needs dark for germination; bottom heat may be helpful; or sow seed in spring. The top vertical shoot may also be taken and rooted in spring. Moist atmosphere, good indirect light to some shade. Has been used as indoor bonsai. Zone 9-10

Arbutus unedo

strawberry tree

Seed surface sown when ripe in some protected location, or in spring after soaking, in fertile, well-draining soil. Germination erratic. Grow also from stem tip cuttings in summer, or by layering spring or fall. May be grown as container plant. Good light. Zone 7-9

Arctostaphylos

uva-ursi bearberry, kinnikinnik

Seed sown in fall when ripe, in a protected spot, or in spring, 60F/15C. Prefers sandy, acidic, poor soils, part shade to full sun; very tolerant of dry conditions and exposed sites. Plant purchased specimens spring or fall; propagation from seed, or semi-hard heel cuttings in summer, is difficult. Simple layering in spring may also be effective. Zone 2-8

Ardisia crispa

coral berry, spear flower, spice berry

Seed is sown 1/4" deep, 70-75F/21-24C, into fertile, well-drained soil. Grow also from side shoot cuttings or heel cuttings spring or summer. Water regularly; good light, protect from scorching sun. Zone 10

Arecastrum romanzoffianum

queen palm

Seed sown in spring, 75-80F/24-27C, well-drained, fertile soil. Full sun to part shade. May be grown as an indoor pot plant. Zone 10

Azalea

Azalea may be considered a sub-genus of Rhododendron, and as propagation and cultural techniques are identical for the two, see the section on Rhododendron, below. Zone 3-9

Bauera rubioides

Sow seed in spring, rich, well-drained soil; acidic soils tolerated. Or grow from heel cuttings in late summer. Full sun. Zone 10

Berberis species

barberry

Stratify seed 8 weeks and surface sow 2" apart, onto well-drained soil, or plant outside in fall, through winter, and up to four weeks before last frost. Germination can be erratic. Needs light to sprout, full sun to grow. Will tolerate most, including heavy and waterlogged, soils. Suitable for bonsai; some quite hardy, to at least zone 4

Berberis thunbergii, the Japanese barberry, in particular is quite hardy, and also tolerant of noxious fumes. Zone 4-8

Betula species

birch

Stratify 6-10 weeks, or sow and place in freezer for 3 weeks. Sow on surface; needs light to germinate. Can be difficult from cuttings, especially B. alleghaniensis, yellow birch: use rooting hormone and/or willow tea. Some species suitable for side-veneer grafting. Grow in light shade, moist and fertile conditions. Used as bonsai. Zone 2-8

Bougainvillea glabra

paper flower

Grow rich well-drained light and full sun; provide ample water in sum-mer. Keep cool, dry in winter. Propagate by soft or semi-hard cuttings in summer or hardwood cuttings in winter, using bottom heat and hor-mone, as these can be hard to root. Zone 10

Growing conditions and propagation for Bougainvillea x buttiana are identical; both may be grown indoors in containers, if the desired conditions are provided. Have been trained as bonsai, indoors

Brachychiton acerifolius

flame tree

Seed sown in spring, well-drained, acidic soil. Requires good light. May be grown as contained plant, water regularly, though less in winter. Also known as Sterculia acerifolia. Zone 9-10

Buddleia davidii

butterfly bush, summer lilac

Surface sow seed at 70-75F/21-24C, into well-draining fertile soil, or start outdoors around last frost. Four weeks' stratification can aid ger-mination. Cultivars will not grow true from seed, and are best grown from stem cuttings in summer; may also grow from hardwood cuttings in early winter. Tolerates a little shade, dry and alkali soils; fairly hardy. Plant new specimens in fall, or if winters are milder, may also plant in winter. Zone 5-9

Butia capitata

jelly palm

Start from seed, 75-80F/24-27C, rich, well-drained soil; good moisture required during growing season. Full sun to light shade. Zone 9-10

Buxus sempervirens

common boxwood

Seed may be sown in spring, outdoors, in a sheltered location; germi-nation is erratic. Grow from semi-hard cuttings in summer, or from hardwood cuttings. Fertile, moist soil; grow in somewhat shaded, protected location. Suitable as bonsai, may be overwintered indoors. Tolerates relatively alkaline soils. Zone 6-9

Conditions for Buxus microphylla essentially the same, hardy zone 5-9

Caesalpinia gilliesii

bird-of-paradise plant

Seed sown in spring, 75-80F/24-27C, after soaking several hours, or immediately when ripe in fall, rich, well-drained soil; full sun. Tolerates somewhat drier, cooler areas than C. pulcherrima. Sprouting erratic.

Good pot plant. May also be grown from softwood cuttings, in summer, or propagate by simple layering. Not to be confused with Strelitzia reginae, the bird-of-paradise flower. Zone 9-10

Caesalpinia pulcherrima

dwarf red poinciana, peacock flower,

Mexican bird of paradise, pride of Barbados Soak for 24 hours in warm water, then prick unswollen seed and return to soak. Sow 1/4" deep at 75F-80/24-27C, in well-drained soil; seed may also be sown when ripe in fall. Softwood cuttings taken in summer, or propagate by simple layering. Grow richer, well-drained soil, water amply, at least moderate sun. May be used for bonsai. Zone 10; in ideal circumstances, can tolerate some frost

Calluna vulgaris

Scotch heather, ling

Start from seed surface sown in spring, 65-70F/18-21C, after stratifying 4 weeks; light needed for germination, which is erratic. Or sow seed immediately when ripe. Named cultivars do not grow true from seed and should be grown from heel cuttings in summer, or divide or layer at this time. Open location, well-drained, poor to fertile acidic soil, tolerates saline conditions and heavier winds. Sun to slight shade. Better in temperate European climates than in North America. Zone 4-9

Calocedrus decurrens

incense cedar

Sow seed just covered in fall, or in spring after stratifying for 3-4 weeks. Moist soil; part shade. Semi-hard to hardwood cuttings in fall or winter, each with mature, brown wood, rooted in a cold frame. Zone 6-9

Camellia species

Sow seed when ripe, or soak seeds over several hours, prick any that have not swollen, and soak another few hours. May optionally stratify in fridge 2 weeks, then sow at 70F/21C, in acidic, rich, moist and well-draining soil. Grow protected from full sun or heavy winds. In colder climates, may be brought indoors in late fall

Air layering by tourniquet technique is done in early spring, and is slow, or grow from semi-hard or hardwood cuttings. Roots must be near soil surface when planted. Some, including C. reticulata, can be side-veneer grafted. Suitable for bonsai. Zone 7-10

Caragana pygmaea

Grow from soaked or stratified seed in spring, surface sown onto aver-age, well-drained soil, and full sun; good in dry conditions and windy spots. Alternatively, sow seed when ripe in fall. Cultivars must be grown from cuttings summer or fall, bottom heat helpful, can be grafted in winter, or propagated by simple layering in summer

C. arborescens, the weeping caragana or Chinese pea tree, hardy to zone 2; treat as C. pygmaea above. Does well as bonsai, even indoors; in colder climates should overwinter indoors, in very good light

Carissa grandiflora

Natal plum

Requires warm indoor temperatures, well-drained soil, sun to part shade, regular watering during summer. Tolerant of wind and salt. Propagate from seed sown when fresh or in spring, or from semi-ripe cuttings. Also known as C. macrocarpa. Used as bonsai; may be grown indoors. Zone 9-10

Carpinus species

hornbeam

Sow fresh seed immediately in fall; chip before sowing. Unless truly fresh, seed experiences a double dormancy: stratify 6 weeks in fridge, grow one month at 70F/21C, return to fridge for 6 weeks, and bring back into warm temperatures, and good light. Very irregular germination. Requires fertile and well-drained soil and sun to light shade. Can reproduce by ring-bark air-layering, but slow; suited for side-veneer grafting. Grown as bonsai. Zone 3-9

Caryopteris species

Sow seed when fresh in fall, into well-drained soil; some forms self-seed well. Or grow from softwood or semi-hard cuttings in mid-spring and through summer, 65F/18C, bottom heat may be helpful. Full sun. Zones 5-9

Castanea sativa

chestnut, European chestnut

Grow from seed sown when ripe in fall. Requires a partner for cross-pollination. Sun and deep, fertile, well-drained, sandy soil. Cultivars may also be grafted in whip grafted onto C. sativa rootstock, in winter in milder climates, and in early spring. Zone 5-9

Catalpa bignioides

Seed surface sown in fall, into deep, fertile, well-draining soil; germina-tion irregular. Or sow in spring, 60-70F/15-21C. Full sun. Suitable for pollution-prone areas. Start also from cuttings in late summer, or bud-graft late summer, early fall. Zones 5-9

Catalpa speciosa, the Northern catalpa, propagated in the same manner, is also hardy zones 5-9, as is C. ovata

Catharanthus roseus

Madagascar periwinkle

Sow seed in spring, 60-65F/15-18C, or cuttings spring or summer; grow in well-drained soil. Sunny spot or light shade. Tolerates pollution, adverse conditions. Also known as Vinca rosea. Zone 10

Ceanothus species

Soak seed 6 hours, then stratify in fridge 2-3 weeks, and surface sow at 65-70F/18-21C. Well-draining soil. Full sun, protected location. Propagate also by semi-hard cuttings in summer, or from root cuttings in late fall, early winter, using bottom heat. Some species may be grown as groundcovers. Zone 7-10

Cedrus species

true cedar

Soak seed 2 hours then stratify 3 weeks, sow early in spring, into well-drained soil. Light needed to germinate. May be grown from softwood cuttings in spring, hardwood cuttings in fall. Slow from tourniquet air-layering in early spring. Full sun; if grown as bonsai, protect from temperature extremes. Suitable for side-veneer grafting, often onto C. deodara rootstock, in late summer

Cedrus libani, the cedar of Lebanon, is especially tolerant of alkali soils, and is hardy to zones 5-7; C. deodara, or deodar cedar, is hardy zone 6-7, and C. atlantica, the atlas cedar, in zones 6-8

Cercidiphyllum japonicum

katsura tree

Start from seed in spring or fall. Prefers moist, fertile, well-drained acidic soil and full sun; light shade may be tolerated. Simple layer during summer. Softwood cuttings may be rooted using bottom heat, late spring. Zone 5-9

Cercis siliquastrum

Judas tree, redbud

Grow from seed surface sown in fall after pods have ripened and dried, or nick seedcoat then stratify 3 months and sow in spring. Light aids germination. Good light, alkaline and sandy, well-drained soil preferred. Note that named cultivars will not come true from seed; these may be bud-grafted late in summer. Zone 6-9

Cercis canadensis, or Eastern redbud hardy into zone 4, treated in the same manner, does well in most well-drained soils, sun to part shade

Chaenomeles speciosa

flowering quince

Stratify seed 8 weeks and surface sow in well-drained soil, or sow in fall. Light needed for germination, grow in full sun. May do well in fairly exposed locations. Propagate also by simple layering or ring-barking, though slow, or be grown from softwood cuttings in summer. Plant purchased specimens spring or fall, in warmer areas in fall. Bonsai. Zone 4-9

Has been widely hybridized with Chaenomeles japonica, hardy zone 5-10; similar cultural conditions apply. Cultivars will not grow true from seed

Chamaecyparis species

false cedar

Seed stratified 3 weeks and sown at 55F/12C in early spring; light needed to germinate, sow just covered in peaty soil. Start from semi-hard cuttings in early fall, treat with root hormone #3. Slow from ring-bark or tourniquet air-layering, early spring. Grow in good light; protect from scorching sun. Suitable for bonsai. Zone 4-9

Chamaedorea elegans

parlour palm

Sow seed in a warm, fairly humid environment, 70-80F/21-31C, spring. Suckers may be removed and potted in spring. Tolerates part to full shade but keep moist especially during growing season. Fertile, well-drained soil, and temperatures above 65F/18C required. Also known as Neantha bella. Zone 9-10

Chamaerops humilis

dwarf fan palm

Soak overnight prior to sowing at 75-80F/24-27C, fertile, well-drained soil; germination can be irregular. Suckers may be divided off as they develop. Grown indoors, provide good indirect light to part shade, protect from scorching sun, and ensure even moisture and humidity. Out-side, full sun. Zone 10

Chionanthus species

fringe tree

Seed sown in fall, or stratify 4 weeks prior to surface sowing at 60-70F/ 15-21C; germination is erratic. Slightly acidic, fertile soil, sun to part shade. Whip graft in early spring, often onto Fraxinus excelsior root-stock, or simple layer during summer. Hardy to zone 5

Choisya ternata

Mexican orange blossom

Rich well-drained soil; full sun. Tolerates alkaline conditions. Grow from cuttings taken in summer or early fall. Zone 8-10

Cistus species

rock rose

Seed sown onto soil surface in spring at 65-70F/18-21C; may be sown in fall when ripe. Well-drained soil and sun. Named varieties will not grow true from seed, and are grown from semi-hard cuttings rooted during summer. Zone 7-10

Colutea arborescens

bladder senna

Sow seed shallowly in fall, well-drained soil, though most soils are tolerated well; may be sown in spring after chipping and soaking. Good for dry, exposed location, full sun. Grow also from cuttings taken in late summer, early fall. Zone 6-9

Cordyline terminalis

Hawaiian ti plant, ti tree, dragon tree

Seeds sown in spring onto surface of well-draining compost, 70-85F/ 21-30C, in bright light, after soaking in warm water for 15 minutes. Maintain temperature after germination, keep slightly moist at all times, provide humidity and good indirect light, and light, well-drained soil. May also be grown from stem cuttings as for Dracaena species, or from suckers removed late in spring

Cornus alba

red-barked dogwood

May be grown from seed surface sown when ripe; typically requires a double dormancy before germinating, and cultivars often do not grow true from seed. It is easier to grow from cuttings, summer through winter, or by simple layering during summer. Good in exposed site. Consistently moist, fertile and well-draining soil; does well from full sun to part shade. Zones 2-8

Note that Cornus stolonifera 'Flaviramea', the yellow-barked dogwood, is grown in the same manner, and is hardy in the same areas; the two are often grouped for winter interest, in a spot in full sun

Cornus canadensis

bunchberry

Grow from seed as Cornus species, below. Fertile, well-drained, acidic soil. Ground cover, good in cool, moist and shaded areas. Divide early spring or fall. Zone 2-6

Cornus species

dogwood, cornel

May be grown from seed sown in fall when ripe, in some protected loc-ation; seed typically requires a double dormancy before germination, which is irregular. Often easier from cuttings taken in summer, or by simple layering at this time; rooted suckers may also be divided off if produced. Consistently moist, fertile and well-draining soil, and sun to part shade. Zone 4-9

Cornus florida, flowering dogwood, hardy zones 5-9; C. kousa, in zones 5-8

Cotinus coggygria

smoke tree, Venetian sumac

Grow from seed sown 1/16" deep in fall, or after 8 weeks' stratifying in fridge, 55-60F/13-15C. Also from softwood cuttings taken during the summer, or by simple layering. Average soil, open, sunny spot. Note that named cultivars do not come true from seed. Zones 5-9

Cotinus americanus, the American smoke tree, tolerates drought, poor soils, and is hardy zones 4-8

Cotoneaster species

Chip before surface-sow, 2 1/2" apart, peaty soil, needs light to germi-nate. Can experience double dormancy: stratify in fridge 2-3 months, grow for 3 months at 70F/21C, 3 months in fridge, and return to warm temperatures. Can grow deciduous species from softwood cuttings, or from semi-ripe cuttings taken with a heel. Ring-barking takes 2-3 months and is fairly easy. Hardy into zone 2

Plant purchased specimens spring or fall, in fall only in very warm cli-mates. Accepting of heavy clay, even waterlogged soil, though better drainage ideal, also tolerates alkaline conditions. Best in full sun

Various species used as bonsai; these should be protected from freezing. C. microphyllus or Chinese cotoneaster used especially in indoor settings, cool room. Zone 4-8

Crataegus

hawthorn

Seed experiences a double dormancy: stratify 3 months in fridge, grow for 4 months at 70F/21C, then 3 months in fridge, then return to 55F/ 12C and grow on, or sow in cold frame, onto soil surface 4" apart, and allow several seasons to germinate. Light needed for germination.

Slow from ring-barking. Does well in dry areas and well-drained soil, full sun to part shade; alkali soils are typically well-tolerated. Used for bonsai. Hardy to zone 3

Crataegus laevigata previously known as C. oxyacantha, a good choice for clay soils, is hardy to zone 4. C. monogyna, the common hawthorn, especially tolerant of exposed locations, and is hardy zone 5-7

Cryptomeria japonica

Japanese cedar

Sow in spring, 1/16" deep in peaty soil; irregular germination. Propagate by ring-barking in early spring, or from semi-hard cuttings in early fall. Full sun. Used as bonsai, will grow indoors if kept cool, or bring in for the winter; protect bonsai from scorching in summer. Zone 6-9

Cupressus cashmeriana

Surface sow at 65-75F/18-24C; pre-chilling in fridge for 3 weeks may aid germination. Moist soil. Full sun. Well-suited to coastal climates. May also be grown from semi-hard cuttings in early fall. Zone 9-10

Cycas revoluta

sago palm

Seed planted on its side, mostly buried in fertile well-drained compost, 70-80F/21-27C, or grow from suckers removed and repotted in spring or summer; germination erratic. May grow pot-bound if given ample room, water regularly during growing season, less in winter. Good light; if grown indoors, protect from scorching sun. Fertile soil. Zones 9-10

Cytisus species

broom

Soak, then chip seed before surface sowing at 70-75F/18-21C, or sow in fall when ripe. Grow from layering or heel cuttings taken late in sum-mer, in light, well-draining soil; full sun, though some shade may be tolerated. Tolerant of salt air and dry conditions, and poor soils. Zone 6-8

Cytisus kewensis, or Kew broom, hardy zone 6-8. C. praecox hardy in zones 6-9. C. scoparius, Scotch broom, hardy zone 5-9

Daboecia cantabrica

Irish heath, St. Dabeoc's heath

Surface sow in spring, onto consistently moist, acidic, fertile, well-drained soil, or immediately when ripe in fall. Full sun. May also be grown from layering, softwood or semi-ripe heel cuttings, or division in summer. Zone 5-8

Daphne cneorum

rose daphne

Sow seed when fresh, consistent moisture, well-draining, fertile soil; germination is irregular, and can take a second season. If not up in 2-3 months, may leave outside or stratify in fridge 3 months, and grow again at 50-60F/10-15C. Full sun. May be difficult from semi-hard cut-tings in summer; or grow by simple layering. Zone 5-8

Daphne mezereum, or mezereon, is propagated in the same fashion; prefers full sun but tolerates some shade, and well-drained gritty soil that is not too rich. Zone 5-8

Datura species

angel's trumpet

Seed sown 1/8" deep, 60-65F/15-18C, or grow from cuttings late spring and throughout summer. Fertile, well-drained soil, sun to part shade, ample moisture, especially during the growing season. Potted plants may be overwintered indoors. D. sanguinea, D. suaveolens hardy zone 10, and D. meteloides zones 9-10

Deutzia species

Well-drained moist soil, including alkali soils. Full sun to part shade. Purchased specimens are best planted in fall or spring in colder areas, fall or winter in frost-free areas. Grow from greenwood cuttings, taken in summer, or semi-ripe cuttings; many species may also be grown from hardwood cuttings. Zones 5-9

Dizygotheca elegantissima

Soak seed in warm water for 2 hours, then surface sow at any time of year; light aids germination. 70F/21C or higher required, with higher daytime temperatures possible helpful in germination. Part shade; wa-ter regularly during growing season. Also grown from stem cuttings in summer or by air-layering in spring. Potted, makes a good houseplant. Zone 10

Also known as Aralia elegantissima

Dracaena species

dragon tree, dragon lily

Seeds sown in spring onto surface of well-draining compost, 70-85F/ 21-30C, in bright light. Maintain this temperature after germination, keep slightly moist at all times, provide humidity and good indirect light, and light, well-drained soil

Can reproduce also from stem cuttings and/or by air-layering. To maxi-mize use of each stem, air-layer the top part of the shoot, and when re-moving the new specimen, use the remaining stem for stem cuttings; grow cuttings at 70-75F/21-24C, bottom heat may help

Dracaena concinna, also known as the rainbow plant, D. fragrans, the corn plant, and D. draco, the actual dragon tree, hardy zone 10 only

Dryas octopetala

mountain avens

Sow seed when ripe, well-draining soil. Requires full sun, ample room to grow. May be grown from heel cuttings taken late in summer, or di-vide in early spring. Zone 3-6

Elaeagnus angustifolia

Russian olive, oleaster

Sow in fall, just below soil surface in a protected location; may take two seasons for plants to emerge. Or propagate from softwood or semi-hard cuttings, removing a vertical strip of bark and treating with growth hormone as with Rhododendron cuttings. Germination erratic. Prefers fertile, well-drained soil and full sun, and is quite tolerant of adverse conditions, including saline soils. Zone 2-9

Embothrium coccineum

Chilean fire tree

Sow seed in spring or fall when ripe, into moist, well-draining, acidic soil. Part shade. Suckers may be divided off if produced, and can be grown from root cuttings taken in early winter. Zone 9-10

Empetrum nigrum

black crowberry

Good ground cover for exposed locations, rock gardens. Grow from semi-hard cuttings in summer, or layer in spring

Erica herbacea

spring heath, winter heath

Grow in well-drained soil, kept barely moist at most times, slightly alka-line to ideally acidic and peaty soil, tolerates pH up to 4.5. Full sun to part shade, latter best in hot areas. Salt-tolerant. Propagate from sur-face-sown seed in fall, light needed to germinate, by simple layering, or from heel cuttings in late summer. Good ground cover. Also known as E. carnea. Zone 5-10

Eucalyptus species

gum tree

Surface sow onto well-drained soil that is not too fertile; irregular ger-mination optimal at 70-75F/21-24C; may also be sown in fall. Very hardy species may benefit from 6-8 weeks stratification. Warm late summers and falls often lead to late growth and frost damage. Full sun. May be salt-tolerant. Hardy zones 6-10, depending on species; many are suited to indoor pot culture

Eucalyptus citriodora

lemon-scented gum

Surface sow onto average, well-drained soil; germinates best at 70-75F/21-24C. Full sun or very good light if grown indoors; good pot plant. Water regularly during growing season, somewhat less in winter. Tolerates draughts. Zone 9-10

Eucryphia glutinosa

Sow seed in spring, 60F/15C, or grow from semi-hard heel cuttings taken in late summer, rooted using hormone and bottom heat, or prop-agate by simple layering. Moist, acidic soil; part shade. Zone 8-10

Euonymus species

burning bush, spindle tree

Seed experiences double dormancy: stratify 2-3 months, then grow warm and in good light 2-3 months, stratify another 2-3 months; may take up to a year to germinate. Well-drained soil, just covered, very tolerant of alkaline conditions. Irregular germination. Grows readily from cuttings. Tourniquet air-layering is done in early spring, and is very slow; may even self-layer. Plant purchased specimens in spring or fall. May be grown as bonsai. Zone 3-9

Grow deciduous species, such as Euonymus alata, the most common burning bush, in full sun to light shade; evergreen forms should be pro-tected from full sun. E. alata is hardy zones 3-9, and E. fortunei, in zones 4-9; latter does well in shade

Fagus species

beech

Soak seeds overnight and stratify 6-8 weeks, then sow just covered, 4" apart. Or sow seed in fall. Needs light to germinate, well-drained light moist soil, and full sun to dappled shade. Move plants to their final lo-cations while still quite young, and leave plant and soil undisturbed as much as possible. Zone 3-9

Reproduce also using ring-bark or tourniquet methods; cleft and side-veneer grafting may be used. Quite suitable for bonsai

Ficus benjamina

weeping fig

Sow seed on surface, requires light to germinate, 70-80F/21-27C. Bright indirect light, well-drained soil, water regularly. Reproduce by air-layering, or using soft or hardwood cuttings, may benefit from bot-tom heat. Prefers warmer indoor climate. Used as indoor bonsai. Zone 10

Ficus retusa

banyan fig

Sprinkle seed onto peaty soil, needs light to germinate, 70-75F/21-24C, well-drained soil; water regularly. Grow in good indirect light to full sun. Reproduce also by air-layering, or from stem-tip cuttings late spring. Useful as bonsai; may be grown indoors

Forsythia species

Seed sown just covered, 55-65F/13-18C. Fairly easy from cuttings: softwood cuttings are taken spring or early summer, semi-ripe cuttings in summer. Latter harder to root, and may need to be rooted in a cold frame. Or reproduce by simple layering. Appreciates full sun, though accepts some shade; tolerant of clay, salty and alkaline soils, should be well-draining. Zone 4-10

Fraxinus species

ash

Seed sown in fall, into a protected location and fertile well-draining soil; tolerates a fairly wide pH range, and clay may also be tolerated. Full sun, consistent moisture. Cultivars may be whip grafted onto F. excelsior, European ash, rootstock; this ash is especially suited to exposed locations and alkali soils, hardy zone 5-8. Zones 2-9

Gardenia jasminoides

Cape jasmine, common gardenia

Seed sown 1/8" deep, 70-75F/21-24C, moist, rich, somewhat acidic and well-draining soil. Grow also from heel cuttings in spring or summer. Light shade; full sun tolerated. Plant purchased specimens fall or winter. May be grown indoors, as bonsai. Zone 8-10

Genista species

broom, gorse

Easy from seed sown just covered at 55-65F/13-18C, into well-drained, average soil; full sun. Chipping and soaking may aid germination. Do not transplant. May be grown also from cuttings taken in summer, or by simple layering. G. pilosa, a useful ground cover, hardy zones 6-9; G. tinctoria zones 2-8

Ginkgo biloba

Stratify 8 weeks, then sow in fertile, heavy, moist and well-drained soil at about 70F/21C. Slow by tourniquet air-layering; can propagate cultivars using side-veneer grafting onto established G. biloba rootstock, or from cuttings taken in fall. Grow in full sun, with ample room. Tolerant of exhaust fumes. Used as bonsai. Zone 4-8

Gleditsia triacanthos

honey locust

Sow seed just covered in spring after chipping and/or soaking 24 hours, 65-70F/18-21C, or sow in fall, into fertile, sandy soil. Grow from greenwood cuttings taken in summer, or propagate named cultivars by whip, side-veneer or bud grafting. Full sun; tolerant of air pollution and, often, of salt. The subspecies G. triacanthos inermis is the thornless form, and parent to most other thornless cultivars. Zone 4-9

Grevillea robusta

silk oak

Surface sow seed in spring after soaking 24 hours; 70-80F/21-27C, well-drained, acidic soil ideal. Very good light. Has been used as indoor bonsai. Can also be grown from heel cuttings taken in summer; bottom heat may be helpful. Zone 9-10

Halesia species

silverbell, snowdrop tree

Sow seed in fall when ripe, into fertile, slightly acidic, moist soil. May also be sown, at any time, at 60-70F/15-21C for three months, then stratifying in fridge three months. Full sun to part shade; protect from scorching sun, winds, and extreme temperatures. Grow also from soft-wood cuttings, in summer, or by simple layering; the latter is a very slow process. Zone 5-8

Hamamelis species

witch hazel

Difficult from seed sown at 50-60F/10-15C; germination is erratic and can take several seasons. May sow seed in fall, when ripe, into a protected location, or may be treated for double dormancy indoors. Alternatively, grow from cuttings in summer, by simple or air layering, or from grafting done in winter. Humus-rich, fertile and moist soil; does well in acidic soils. Sun to part shade

Hamamelis virginiana, or common witch hazel, hardy zones 4-8. H. japonica, Japanese witch hazel, and H. mollis, the Chinese witch hazel, both are very ornamental. The latter hardy to zone 5-8

Hebe species

Sow at 70F/21C, just covered; full sun, well-drained soil, and ample moisture. Note that seed may not grow true to type: cultivars should be propagated using softwood cuttings, or semi-hard cuttings of non-flowering stems, in summer. Divide during growing season. Zones 8-10

Hedera helix

common ivy, English ivy

Grown from stem cuttings: aerial roots make rooting easy. Use 2-3" sections of semi-hard or hard stem material, leaving one leaf with bud; grow in moist, fertile, well-drained soil. Transplant rooted cuttings only once, into final location. Can also be propagated, very easily by simple and serpentine layering. Enjoys shade, tolerates both heavy shade and full sun. Zone 5-10

Hibiscus rosasinensis

rose of Smyrna

Nick then soak in moist sand 24 hours, sow just covered in peat-based compost at 75-80F/24-27C. Grow from soft- or semi-hard cuttings, or heel cuttings may work well. Plant purchased specimens in spring or fall. Full sun, rich, well-draining soil, ample moisture. For a warm, sunny spot indoors. Zone 9-10

Hibiscus syriacus

rose of Sharon

Grow from seed as H. rosa-sinensis. Full sun, rich, well-draining, moist soil. Cuttings late spring and throughout summer, bottom heat may be helpful. Good in pollution-prone areas. Zone 5-9

Hippophae rhamnoides

sea buckthorn

Sow seed in spring, just covered, after stratifying 4 weeks, or sow in fall immediately when ripe; grow also from softwood cuttings in summer, by simple layering, or divide off suckers in early spring. Can also be grown from root cuttings taken early in winter. Does well in dry and exposed areas; well-drained soil and sun ideal, poor and clay soils are tolerated. Zone 3-8

Howea fosteriana

paradise palm, kentia palm

Soak overnight prior to sowing at 80F/27C, rich, well-drained soil; germination can be irregular. Grown indoors, provide good indirect light to part shade, protect from scorching sun, and ensure even moisture, humidity. Also known as Kentia fosteriana, Howeia fosteriana. Zone 10

Hydrangea species

Seed is sown in spring, when soil has warmed; seed is often sterile. Consistently moist, fertile, well-drained soil. Typically grows in sun to part shade. Best grown from stem cuttings taken spring through sum-mer. Climbers may layer themselves, and are suited to serpentine layering; new plants may be divided off and relocated

Hydrangea macrophylla, the French or bigleaf hydrangea, best for a sunny, exposed location; zone 6-8. H. paniculata and its cultivars grow in good light or partial shade, zone 4-9, as does H. petiolaris, the climbing hydrangea. Note that H. petiolaris is also referred to as H. anomala petiolaris. H. arborescens hardy to zone 5

Ilex species

holly

Sow seed in early spring, after stratification; grow on well-drained, consistently moist, fertile soil. May also be sown in fall when ripe, in a protected spot; germination is erratic and can take several seasons. Sun to part shade. Note that plants are either male or female; both are re-quired to produce fertile seed, though only the female plant produces fruits. Typically hardy zones 6-9, some deciduous species are hardy into zone 3

Use rooting hormone with softwood cuttings spring or summer, or semi-ripe cuttings fall and early winter; bottom heat may be helpful with the latter. Can also be grown by simple layering, which takes time; named cultivars may be bud grafted onto Ilex aquifolium, English or common holly, rootstock

Ilex aquifolium is a good choice for exposed sites, zone 6-8. I. verticillata, the winterberry, does well in poorly-drained, wet and acidic soils; hardy in zones 3-9. I. crenata, or Japanese holly, is very useful as a bonsai species, indoors and out, as it is very shade-tolerant; zone 6-9

Ixora coccinea

flame-of-the-woods

Sow seed in spring, very shallowly in rich, well-drained soil, 70-75F/ 21-24C; germination can be irregular. Alternatively, softwood cuttings may be taken in summer. Good pot plant if grown in very good light; outside, should grow in full sun. Zone 10

Jacaranda ovalifolia

Sow just covered in spring, 70-85F/21-30C, fertile, well-drained soil. Full sun. May also be grown from heel cuttings, early summer. Water container-grown specimens regularly during active growth. Also known as J. mimosifolia. Zone 10

Jasminum species

jasmine

Sow seed at 70-75F/21-24C, just covered; grow in full sun, rich, well-drained soil. Ample water in first few years. Propagation by ring-bark air layering often takes 3-4 months; can also be grown from heel cuttings taken in summer. Has been used as bonsai. Zone 6-9; where not hardy, may be overwintered indoors

Jasminum officinale, common white jasmine, and J. nudiflorum, winter jasmine, both hardy zones 6-9. J. fruticans, shrub jasmine

Juglans species

walnut, butternut

Sow just covered in fall, or in spring after stratifying a few weeks, with point oriented upwards; protect from squirrels. Well-draining, deep and very fertile soil; full sun. Typically two or more are required for cross-pollination. Note that all can adversely affect the growth of neigh-bouring plants, and require ample room to grow. Zones 4-9

Juglans nigra, black walnut, is hardy to zone 4-8, and does well even in heavier clay soil. J. cinerea, or butternut, grows in zones 3-7

Juniperus

juniper

Soak 24 hours and surface-sow seed; optionally stratify 6 weeks, though usually not needed. Needs light and cooler temperatures to germinate. Root cuttings using the strongest rooting hormone, take cuttings throughout growing season but ideally fresh tips in the new year. Ring-bark in early spring, for quick to slow results. Used as bon-sai. Likes sandy, well-drained soil, tolerates alkaline soil well, grow in sunny spot

Some species, including Juniperus communis and J. horizontalis, creeping juniper, do well in drier settings; the latter especially thrives under adverse conditions. Many hardy to zone 2

Kalmia species

laurel

Surface sow seed immediately when fresh in late fall, during winter or after stratifying 3 months. Needs light to germinate. Prefers peaty, acidic, moist and well-draining soil, and sun to part shade. Some species, including K. latifolia, or mountain laurel, may be propagated by simple or air layering, or grow from greenwood cuttings taken in summer. Zones 1-9

Kalmia angustifolia, or sheep laurel, well suited to wet, acidic soils, and is hardy into zone 1. K. latifolia hardy in zones 5-9, tolerates clay, and prefers full sun

Kerria japonica

Japanese rose

Grow in fertile, well-drained soil. Good light, though tolerates shade. Grow from stem cuttings taken in summer or fall; also produces suckers, and these may be divided off in fall. May be propagated also by simple layering. Tolerates exhaust fumes. Zone 5-9

Koelreuteria paniculata

golden-rain tree, varnish tree

Sow just covered in fall, in a protected location. Alternatively, soak seed 1 hour, then stratify 3-4 weeks, and sow at 55-65F/13-18C. Does well in most soils, though fertile, well-drained soil preferred; may also tolerate dry, salt, heat, and alkaline conditions relatively well. Sun to part shade. May also be grown from root cuttings taken late in winter, though difficult, or from softwood cuttings. Zone 5-9

Kolkwitzia amabilis

beauty bush

Soak then stratify 4 weeks, then sow just covered into well-drained, fertile soil. Full sun to light shade. Grow also from softwood cuttings, later in spring and in summer. Zone 4-9

Laburnum species

golden chain

Chip and soak seed in warm water, or try boiling water poured over seeds immediately before sowing in spring. May also be sown in fall, protected location or cold frame. Sow just covered, 65-70F/18-21C, in well-drained medium. Grow also from hardwood cuttings taken when dormancy sets in. Full sun or light shade; almost all soils. Often toler-ant of strong winds. Can be used as bonsai. Zone 5-8

Laburnum anagyroides, also known as common laburnum, L. alpinum as the Scotch or alpine laburnum

Lagerstroemia indica

crape myrtle

Sow seed fall or spring, surface sow as light needed to germinate, or grow from softwood or semi-hard cuttings, summer. Good drainage, rich soil, full sun; very tolerant of hot, dry conditions. Used also as bonsai, indoors and out, provide warm indoor temperatures. Zone 7-10

Lantana species

Sow seed in spring, 1/8" deep in fertile, well-draining soil, 70-75F/21-24C; may benefit from soaking 24 hours before sowing. Germination irregular. Sun to part shade; may be grown indoors, good indirect light. Grow from cuttings in late summer or middle of spring. Zone 9-10

Larix species

 

Surface sow in spring or fall, optionally stratify spring-sown seed 4 weeks in fridge. Light needed for germination. Moist, acidic, humus-rich soil and good light ideal. Propagated by ring-barking or tourniquet air-layering early spring; side-veneer grafting also used, as are young tip cuttings taken from leading shoots, late summer. Suitable for bon-sai. Zone 2-9

Larix laricina hardy to zone 3

Lavatera species

tree mallow

Sow seed shallowly in spring, 70F/21C, or immediately when ripe, or grow from greenwood cuttings spring or summer; grow in well-drained soil. Full sun. Good wind tolerance. Zone 6-10

Ledum groenlandicum

Labrador tea

Sow seed when fresh in fall, onto surface of moist but well-drained, peaty and acidic soil; may also sow in spring, 55-65F/13-18C. Part shade. Divide larger clumps in spring. May also be grown from semi-hard heel cuttings in summer, or by simple layering. Zone 2-6

Ligustrum vulgare

common privet

Sow immediately upon harvesting or stratify 3 months and sow in spring, grow from cuttings taken throughout the year, or propagate by simple layering. Good drainage essential; tolerant of most including very alkaline soils, fairly salt-resistant, good in heavier winds. Sun to part shade. Purchase and plant bare-root specimens in fall or early spring. Zone 5-9

Liquidambar styraciflua

sweet gum

Seed is surface sown in fall, or sow in spring after stratifying 3 months; light aids germination. Fertile, moist, well-draining soil and fair to good light. Take softwood cuttings in summer, or propagate by air layering. Zone 6-9

Liriodendron tulipifera

tulip tree

Full sun to part shade, well-drained moist soil, ample growing room; does well in bright woods. Sow seed in fall, surface sown in protected location, needs light to germinate; germination erratic. Or stratify seed, sow in spring, or propagate by air-layering. Zone 4-8

Livistona species

fountain palm

Sow seed in spring, 75-80F/24-27C, rich well-drained soil; acidic soils tolerated. Sun to part shade, and provide ample moisture during growing season. Zone 9-10

Lonicera species

honeysuckle

Sow just covered onto well-drained soil, 60-70F/15-21C, light needed for germination. May benefit from 3 months' stratification, or may be sown in fall in a protected location; germination is erratic. Grow in fair to good light. May be propagated by simple, tip or serpentine layering or from semi-hard and hardwood cuttings, summer or fall

Lonicera xylosteoides and its cultivars quite tolerant of dry conditions, and will grow into zone 2; L. caprifolium is hardy to zone 5, and L. tatarica, the Tatarian honeysuckle, in zones 3-9. L. japonica can be quite invasive; zone 4-10

Lycium barbarum

boxthorn

Sow seed in spring, 55-65F/13-18C; prefers a dry, sunny spot. Rooted suckers may be divided off in spring as they are produced, or grow from semi-ripe heel cuttings or by simple layering

Macadamia species

Sow seed in spring, or when ripe in fall, into fertile, moist, well-draining soil. Full sun to light shade. Zone 10

Magnolia species

Easiest sown in fall when seed is ripe, after removing the fleshy outer coat. Otherwise, stratify in fridge 4 months, then grow at 50F/10C. Sow just covered onto well-draining soil, light needed to germinate. Germination erratic. Named varieties will not grow true from seed. Keep in good indirect light but out of full sun, the first year; full sun appreciated in subsequent years. Moist, acidic, fertile soil ideal; water purchased plants regularly until established. Zone 4-9

If transplanted, do so while the plant is actively growing or flowering, as Magnolias recover quickest from the stress at this time. Ring-bark air layering is slow though most species air or simple layer well. Side-veneer grafting may be used. M. grandiflora also grown from semi-hardwood cuttings. Used for bonsai

Magnolia grandiflora, the Southern magnolia, hardy zones 6-9; M. stellata, or the star magnolia, and M. kobus are hardy into zone 4

Mahonia aquifolium

Oregon holly grape, holly mahonia

Seed is sown just covered in fall, into fertile, well-draining and relatively moist, not wet, soil. If not fresh, stratify 4 weeks and sow at 50F/10C. Sun ideal, though does well even in part shade, and should be protected from scorching in hot climates. Divide in spring. Can also be grown from stem cuttings in summer. Zone 6-8

Mahonia japonica

Sow seed when fresh in fall, or after stratification in spring, as with M. aquifolium. Or grow from semi-hard cuttings in summer; moist, fertile, well-draining soil. Part to full shade. Zone 7-9

Malus species

crabapples

Sow seed outside in late fall. Named cultivars must be grown from whip or bud grafts, winter and early spring or early fall, respectively, or from layerings started in spring or early fall. Full sun, does well in dry areas and heavier soil, though well-draining, moist soil is ideal. Pollution-tolerant. Hardy into zone 2

Malus floribunda, or flowering crabapple, is particularly tolerant of wide range of soils, and hardy to zones 4-8. Crabapples make good bonsai, especially M. cerasifera, the Nagasaki crabapple and M. halliana, Hall's crabapple

Mandevilla x amabilis

Sow seed in spring, just covered in very well-draining medium, 65-75F/ 18-24C. May be grown as an annual, overwintered indoors, or grown indoors year-round where not hardy outside, if provided with a large pot. Good light and well-drained, fertile soil; should be protected from scorching sun. May also be propagated by stem cuttings taken in summer, rooted with bottom heat, or by simple layering; offsets may be divided in summer, if produced. Also known as Dipladenia x amabilis. Zone 10

Melia azedarach

chinaberry, bead tree

Sow seed 1/8" deep, immediately when ripe, into well-drained, sandy soil, or in spring, 55F/13C. Full sun, sandy soil ideal; tolerates very dry conditions. Cuttings are taken in summer; bottom heat may be helpful. Zone 7-10

Microcoelum weddellianum

Seed sown shallowly in spring, 70-80F/21-27C, after soaking for 2 hours in warm water. Part shade, well-draining soil. Also known as Syagrus weddelliana

Murraya paniculata

satinwood tree, orange jessamine

Sow seed in spring or fall, or grow from greenwood cuttings taken early in growing season. Fertile, well-draining soil. Full sun; protect bonsai specimens from scorching in summer. May be brought indoors during winter, or even year round, including bonsai. Zone 10

Nerium oleander

oleander, rose bay

Surface sow seed in spring, well-draining soil, 65-75F/18-24C; light needed to germinate. Very good light; may be grown indoors if given a large pot and ample room. Propagate by semi-hard stem cuttings in summer; bottom heat can be helpful. Tolerates alkali soils. Zone 8-10

Nothofagus species

southern beech

Stratify in freezer for 6 weeks, then sow, or sow outside in fall. Rich, moist, well-draining soil and protected location; sun to part shade. Used for bonsai. Zone 7-9

Nyssa sylvatica

black tupelo, black gum, sour gum

Surface sow seed when ripe in fall; sun to part shade, fertile, well-drained, consistently moist, acidic soil. Tolerates fairly wet soils; may tolerate saline soils. Seed can be started in spring after 2-3 months stratification, and may also be grown from softwood cuttings taken in summer, or propagate by simple layering. Zone 4-9

Olearia species

Surface sow seed onto well-draining soil; light needed for germination. Grow also from semi-hard cuttings in summer, in full sun. Zone 8-10

Ostrya virginiana

hop hornbeam

Sow seed, just covered, in fall; germination is erratic and can take two seasons. Spring-sown seed should be stratified 4-6 weeks. Good, well-drained, moist soil. Sun to part shade. Zone 4-9

Pachystachys species

Fertile, well-draining soil. Suited to pot culture in home or greenhouse;

should be watered regularly while in growth. Part shade. Grow from softwood cuttings in spring or summer. Zone 10

Paeonia suffruticosa

tree peony

Sow seed 1" deep, immediately when ripe, into a protected location, or in spring after stratification; keep moist. Seed can experience a double dormancy. Well-drained, slightly acidic moist soil; give ample room, some protection from sun and wind. May need protection in cold winters. Zones 3-8

Propagated also by bud grafting onto a herbaceous peony rootstock: unlike most plants, set the bud union 4-6" below soil surface, to allow the scion's characteristics to dominate, i.e. to produce a non-herbaceous tree peony

Note that tree peonies also include Paeonia lutea and P. delavayi hybrids, grown and propagated in the same manner. Named varieties do not grow true from seed

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Virginia creeper, American ivy, Boston ivy

Soak then stratify seed 6 weeks, plant 2 1/2" apart, just covered. Light needed for germination. Also grown from cuttings in spring, or reproduced by serpentine layering. Prefers rich, moist soil and light shade to full sun, but does well in most soils and dry areas. Hardy into zone 2 and up to zone 10

Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Japanese ivy, Boston ivy

Climber, good for sunny side of the house, also does well in shade; grown from seed as above, from hardwood cuttings in early spring, or softwood cuttings in summer. Propagate also by serpentine layering. Fertile, well-drained soil; tolerates alkaline soil. Zone 5-9

Paulownia tomentosa

princess tree

Surface sow seed in spring or fall, fertile, well-drained, moist soil. Full sun. Also grown from semi-hard heel cuttings in summer, and root cuttings taken in early winter. Known also as P. imperialis. Zone 6-9

Pentas lanceolata

Surface sow seed in spring, rich and well-drained soil, 70-75F/21-24C. Good light to part shade. May be grown indoors. Grow also from soft-wood cuttings, spring and summer. Also called P. carnea. Zone 10

Perovskia species

Very well-drained soil and full sun. Grown from cuttings of young stems, in spring, or from semi-ripe cuttings in summer. Zone 6-9

Philadelphus coronarius

sweet mock orange

Seed sown just covered, 65-70F/18-21C; may benefit from period of stratification. Grown also from cuttings taken late spring through middle of winter; sun and fertile, well-drained soil. Alkaline or dry conditions and clay relatively well tolerated. In hotter climates, may need some protection from scorching sun. To zone 4

Picea species

spruce

Stratify seed in fridge 3 weeks, and sow on soil surface 2" apart, in spring, needs light to germinate. Tourniquet air-layering, started early spring, is slow. Side-veneer grafting also used to propagate specific cultivars, or grow from cuttings of young growth, taken fall or early spring. Likes moist acidic soil and sun to light shade. Suitable for bonsai. Best suited to cooler climates. Zones 1-8

Picea glauca, white spruce quite tolerant dry conditions, and P. abies, Norway spruce, of heavier winds; both grow in zones 2-6. P. pungens glauca, the Colorado blue spruce, will not grow true from seed, but should be grafted to maintain its colour; hardy to zone 2. P. mariana, the black spruce, hardy into zone 1

Pieris japonica

Japanese andromeda

Sow seed onto surface of fertile, peaty and acidic, well-drained soil. Part shade ideal; full shade is tolerated. Plant purchased specimens spring or fall, and water regularly until established. Reproduced via stem and stem tip cuttings, in summer, or simple layering at this time; latter can take two years. Zone 5-8

Other species share similar cultural conditions; Pieris floribunda is hardiest, growing in zones 4-6

Pinus species

pine

Soak seed and stratify 6 weeks, then sow, or surface sow in fall, 2" apart, onto light sandy soil, can take several years to germinate. Alternatively, in early December, place seed in moist sterile medium and grow warm 3 months, provide 3 months in coolest part of the fridge, then plant outside. Needs light to germinate

Protect from full sun in early years; most species prefer sandy, well-drained soil, many do well in poor soils. Reproduction by tourniquet air-layering in early spring can take up to 2 years. Suited also to side-veneer grafting. Commonly used for bonsai. Zone 2-9

Siberian, Eastern white and Korean pines, or Pinus sibirica, P. strobus and P. koraiensis respectively, depend on symbiotic fungi to grow, with which soil must be inoculated. If white pines grow in the area, dirt collected from the base of these trees will do fine when mixed into and on-to the ground where white or Korean pines are to planted. Inoculant for Siberian pines must be taken from other Siberian pines, or obtained commercially

Jack pine, or Pinus banksiana, Ponderosa pine or P. ponderosa, and Scots pine, P. sylvestris, as well as many other species, are suitable for drier areas. Latter zone 2-6. P. mugo and cultivars are useful ornamental ground covers, especially in exposed sites; hardy zone 3-7

Pittosporum species

Seed in spring, 1/16" deep in well-draining soil, 55-65F/13-18C; may also be sown in fall. Best in a protected location in colder climates. May also grow from heel cuttings in summer, as with Rhododendron cuttings, below. Good light, from sun to part shade. Zones 8-10

Pittosporum tobira, the mock orange, may be grown indoors as bonsai; zone 8-10

Platanus occidentalis

sycamore

Grow from seed sown in spring or fall. May also be propagated from hardwood cuttings. Provide sun and moisture, ample room to grow, fertile, well-drained soil. Zone 5-8

Plumeria rubra

frangipani

Sow seed at 65-75F/18-24C, just covered. Grow also from leafless stem tip cuttings rooted in well-draining medium, each 6-8" long, after allowing to callus several days and up to one or two weeks, ideally spring but can be done throughout year. Grow in good light to full sun, well-draining soil, water regularly during growing season, less in winter. Zone 10

Also known as Plumeria acuminata. P. rubra acutifolia, also known as P. acutifolia or the pagoda tree, is grown in the same manner

Populus species

poplar

Evenly moist, well-drained soil; full sun. Tolerant of exhaust fumes, clay and even wet soils. Grow from hardwood cuttings, in winter. Rooted suckers may be removed in spring. Zone 2-8

Populus alba, the white poplar, also tolerant of quite alkaline and dry soils; zone 3-8. P. tremuloides is also known as the quaking aspen, hardy zones 2-6; P. nigra italica is the Lombardy poplar; this variety is relatively salt-tolerant, and hardy zone 3-8

Potentilla fruticosa

shrubby cinquefoil

Seed sown in fall or spring, just covered. Sun and well-draining soil; tolerates most soils and dry conditions. Full sun; good choice for exposed location. Reproduces easily by simple layering or from soft-wood or semi-hard cuttings. Hardy zones 2-8

Prunus species

Soak seed, stratify 4 months, and sow 4" apart early in spring, just covered, well-drained soil essential, sunny spot preferred. Needs light to germinate. If germination is difficult, try planting and keeping seed warm for 2 weeks before stratification, or simply sow early in fall, ideally into cold frame for some protection

Plant purchased specimens early spring or fall, giving roots plenty of room. Many forms are self-fertile. Propagate named cultivars by soft-wood cuttings, air-layering, or by grafting, especially by the side-veneer method. Ring-bark or tourniquet air-layering works but slow. Suitable for bonsai, especially Prunus mume, the Japanese flowering apricot, and P. spinosa, blackthorn or sloe; these are hardy to zones 7-9 and 5-9, respectively

Edible species described in more detail under Fruits & Vegetables

Pseudocydonia sinensis

Chinese quince

Stratify seed 8 weeks and surface sow in well-drained soil, or sow in fall. Light needed for germination, grow in full sun. Grow also from softwood cuttings taken in summer. Protect bonsai-grown specimens from frost. Known previously as Chaenomeles sinensis. Zone 6-8

Pyracantha species

firethorn

Stratify seed 6 weeks, sow just covered as seeds need light to germi-nate. Germinate in cooler temperatures. Grow also from semi-hard cuttings, or from air layering started early in growing season. Tolerant of clay soil; prefers good drainage and a sunny spot. May tolerate heavier winds. Used as bonsai, and can be grown indoors. Zone 6-8

Quercus species

oak

Germinates readily from acorns sown in fall; protect from rodents. May also soak acorns overnight, stratify 2-3 months, and sow in spring. Air layering in summer. Full sun, deep, fertile, well-draining soil and am-ple growing room required. Requirements for individual species can vary widely depending on your area: consult a local nursery to check which are best for you. Zones 2-10

Quercus robur, the English oak, more tolerant of exposed locations and of clay soil; zone 5-8. Bur oak, Q. macrocarpa, is suitable for dry areas and acidic soils, and grows well in most areas, zone 2-9. Q. michauxii, the swamp chestnut, does well in many soils, dry to wet, and in sun to shade; hardy zones 7-8

Rhaphiolepis umbellata

Indian thorn

Sow seed when fresh, in a sheltered spot, rich and well-drained soil. Full sun. Overwinter pot specimens indoors in colder climates. Semi-hard cuttings taken in late summer may benefit from bottom heat. Zone 8-10

Rhododendron species

Surface-sow 2" apart, in peaty acidic medium, 60F/15C, in good indirect light. Cover until germinated; may benefit from 3 weeks in fridge after sowing. Protect seedlings from the full sun first year; older plants usually also benefit from partial shade. Well-drained rich soil, good moisture required. Zone 4-8; since species have been widely hybridized, check carefully that a given specimen is suitable to your area

Indoor specimens may be moved into a sheltered spot in the garden when warmer in spring, and moved inside before last frost. Rhododendrons are widely used for bonsai; some, including R. indicum, R. kiusianum, or satsuki and kyushu azaleas, can even be grown as in-door bonsai, in a cool room, or grown outside summer, and brought in with harsher winters

Take 3" cuttings in late summer, remove the terminal bud and all but the top whorl of leaves. Along the lower 1" of the cutting make a shallow vertical incision through the thin bark. Dip cut surfaces in strong rooting hormone, and keep warm. Very slow and difficult to root. Multiplication by tourniquet air-layering, in early spring, is also slow. Cultivars may also be propagated using side veneer grafting

Note that azaleas may be considered a sub-genus of Rhododendron, and that growing conditions for the two are very similar

Rhodothamnus chamaecistus

Sow seed in spring, into rich, acidic, well-drained soil. Full sun. Grown also from semi-hard cuttings, in summer. Zone 7

Rhus typhina

staghorn sumac

Sow seed after soaking in spring, 65-70F/18-21C, or when fresh in fall, into well-drained soil; most soils tolerated. Germination irregular. Sun. Suckers produced readily, and may be divided off in spring. Root cuttings may be taken in winter, or stem cuttings in summer. Hardy zone 3-8

Note that other species, including Rhus glabra, or smooth sumac, may be treated in the same manner; hardy zones 2-9

Robinia pseudoacacia

black locust

Chip seed, soak 24-48 hours, and sown at 65-75F/18-24C, into well-drained soil; otherwise a wide range of soils, including alkaline, is tolerated. Sun. Can also be grown from rooted suckers removed in spring, or root cuttings taken early in winter. Zone 4-9

Sagaretia theezans

poor man's tea

Good bonsai species; start from greenwood cuttings in spring or fall. Can grow indoors year-round, or bring in when outdoor temperatures drop below 55F/13C. Good light, protect from full summer sun; provide constant moisture

Salix

willow

Very easy from cuttings; even large cuttings can be rooted in spring and summer. Hardwood cuttings are taken in fall, planted in spring, after overwintering in cool damp peat moss. Ring-barking done in summer. Grow in any sunny, moist or even wet location; clay soils tolerated well, as is some degree of air pollution, and heavy winds. Used as bonsai. Zones 2-8

Note that willow roots are invasive and potentially very destructive: plant far away from water pipes, drains and sewers

Sambucus species

elderberry, elder

Seed is soaked then stratified, grow in sunny spot, rich, well-drained, moist soil, or may be sown in fall. Grow also from cuttings in summer or winter. While self-fertile, elderberry benefits from cross-pollinating with its neighbours. S. canadensis, sweet elder, hardy zones 3-9. S. nigra, European elder, hardy zones 5-8

Sambucus racemosa is easy from seed, or grow from cuttings as above, sun to some shade. Well-drained fertile soil. Zone 4-7

Schefflera arboricola

dwarf schefflera, umbrella tree

Sow just covered in spring, 70-75F/21C-24C, in peaty soil, or when ripe in fall. Reproduce also by air layering, or, more difficult, from cuttings in spring, using bottom heat. Light to part shade and good, moist, well-drained soil required. May also be used as bonsai

Conditions for Schefflera actinophylla, also known as umbrella tree, are identical to those for S. arboricola. Genus also known as Brassaia or Heptapleurum. Both species hardy to zone 10

Sequoiadendrom giganteum

giant redwood, giant sequoia

Sow seed early to mid-spring, deep loamy soil ideal, though will grow on heavy clay. Softwood cuttings taken spring or summer; may or may not be successful. Full sun to light shade. Zone 6-9

Skimmia japonica

Seed surface sown when fresh in fall, onto moist, rich, well-drained soil, in a shady spot. May also soak then stratify 3-4 weeks, and sow in spring. Both male and female plants are needed for fruiting and seed production, with one exception: Skimmia japonica reevesiana is actually self-fertile, bearing both male and female flowers. Propagation quickest from cuttings in mid-summer to early fall, or by simple layer-ing. Zone 6-9

Sorbus species

rowan, mountain ash

Stratify seed surface sown in early spring, or sow seed when ripe in fall, into a somewhat sheltered spot, fertile and well-draining soil. Even

moisture appreciated. Cultivars may be whip grafted in winter or early spring, or grow from softwood cuttings in summer, to remain true to type. Full sun to light shade; often suitable in more exposed locations, and can tolerate exhaust fumes. Hardy zones 2-6

European mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia, hardy to zone 3

Sparmannia africana

African hemp

Sow seed in spring, 65-75F/18-24C, just covered in good well-drained soil. Alternatively, may be grown from stem cuttings, also in spring; bottom heat may be helpful. Full sun to bright indirect light, ample room; may be grown indoors. Water regularly. Zone 9-10

Spartium junceum

Spanish broom

Chip and soak seed, then sow at 70F/21C, or sow when ripe in fall, av-erage, well-drained soil; prefers sandy soil and tolerates alkaline soils. Good light. May do well in windy, exposed sites. Zone 7-10

Spathodea campanulata

flame-of-the-forest

Sow seed in spring, well-drained, moist and fertile soil; full sun. Also grown from stem cuttings taken in summer. May be grown in pots, overwintered indoors. Zone 10

Spiraea species

Sow seed just covered, 55-65F/13-18C. Grow from cuttings in summer, or hardwood cuttings later in year; S. douglasii may be divided during dormant season. Tolerant of wide range of moisture conditions, soils, wind, and of some shade, though well-drained soil and full sun are ideal. If produced, rooted suckers may be divided off in spring. Zones 3-10

Stephanotis floribunda

Madagascar jasmine

Seed in spring, 1/16" deep in lightly moist, well-drained soil, 75-80F/ 24-27C; germination is irregular. Sun to part shade; grow in fertile, well-drained soil. Or propagate by air or serpentine layering, or from semi-hard cuttings in summer. Protect potted specimens from scorching sun, and water regularly. Zone 10

Symphoricarpos rivularis

snowberry

Sow seed in mid-spring, into fertile soil; sun to part shade. Divide in spring or fall, or grow from cuttings taken in summer. Suckers may be removed in spring. Some cultivars may be suitable as ground covers. Zone 4-7

Syringa species

lilac

Sow in fall or spring, typically germinates well, can benefit from stratifying 3 weeks if no germination occurs in 4 weeks. Light needed for germination; just cover seeds. Very good light, good drainage, neutral and very well-draining soil also required. Older plants relatively drought-tolerant. The Japanese tree lilac, S. reticulata, is especially tolerant of salt, alkaline, and very dry soils. Zone 3-8; S. vulgaris hardy to zone 2

Suckers are produced in clumps; remove these while the plant is dormant, as clumps or individual suckers. Cut back both roots and shoots to about 6" in length, before replanting; cut-off parts of root can be plant-ed at this time as root cuttings, 4-6" in length

Prized cultivars will not come true from seed, and may be asexually reproduced using cleft grafting or simple layering

Tamarix pentandra

hardy tamarix

Surface sow seed at 60-70F/15-21C; light needed for germination. May be grown from semi-hard cuttings in summer, hardwood cuttings in winter, or layer in early summer; grow in fertile, well-draining, sandy soil. Full sun; tolerates heavy winds. Suitable for bonsai, as are other tamarix species. Zone 5-9

Taxus species

yew

Seed experiences double dormancy: chip and sow, leave at 70F/21C for 3 months, then chill 3 months 70F/21C, and grow warm again. Refrigerate again if no germination in 3 months. Or sow outside, allowing several seasons to sprout, best in cold frame. Just cover, light needed to germinate. Well-draining soil, consistent moisture until established, good light, though some shade may be tolerated. Protect from strong winds or scorching sun

Grow also from cuttings taken early in new year, or late in summer and rooted with #3 hormone. Air layering may be done in summer. Used for bonsai

Taxus baccata, the English or common yew, tolerates alkali soils, and is hardy zones 5-9. T. cuspidata, the Japanese yew, zone 4-7

Thuja occidentalis 

arborvitae, Eastern white cedar

Surface sow fall or spring after stratifying 4 weeks, well-drained, moist, sandy soil; tolerates alkaline conditions. Germination erratic. Full sun, though mature plants do well with some shade. Grow also from semi-hard cuttings. Zone 2-8

Thymus serpyllum

creeping thyme, mother-of-thyme, wild thyme

Surface sow seed in spring, 55-65F/13-18C; light needed to germinate. Grow in dry, poor to average soils; tolerant of some foot traffic. Division, simple layering, and cuttings taken in summer may also be used to propagate. Zone 4-9

Tilia species

basswood, linden

Sow seed when still green in fall, or immediately when ripe. Older seed should be stratified for 4 months before sowing. Germination erratic. Graft named varieties in late summer; simple layering may also be used with younger specimens, air layering with older plants. Fertile, well-drained, moist soil. Sun to part shade. Tilia americana, or bass-wood, is hardy zone 2-7. T. tomentosa, the silver linden, tolerates alka-line soils; zone 5-7

Trachycarpus fortunei

fan palm, chusa palm

Grow from seed, 70-80F/21-27C, soak overnight to aid germination, or sow immediately when fresh in fall. Grow indoors or in a sheltered lo-cation in warm temperate or hot climates. Good, well-drained soils; full sun or good light, indoors. Propagate also from good-sized suckers, each with 3-4 leaves, divided off in spring. Zones 8-10

Tsuga species

hemlock

Grow from seed surface sown immediately when ripe in fall, or after stratifying indoors for 3 months, onto well-drained soil. Suited to shallow and rocky soils. Grows in full sun, though may need some protection from scorching; mature plants may grow in fairly heavy shade. Named cultivars are best grafted in late summer, or during dormant period, or grown from semi-ripe cuttings; use strong rooting hormone. Hardy zone 4-8; Sargent's weeping hemlock, T. canadensis pendula, is hardy throughout this range

Ulex europaeus

gorse

May be started from seed sown just covered in fall, or in spring after soaking. Poor, dry and acidic soils, sunny spot ideal. Grow also from cuttings taken summer and fall. Tolerant of heavier winds. Zone 7-9

Ulmus

elm

Stratify seed 2-3 months before sowing, or sow in fall; germination often poor. Also reproduced by ring-barking, from softwood cuttings in early summer, and by rooting suckers. Well-drained soil and sun. The American elm, U. americana, is prone to Dutch elm disease, and should probably be avoided; it does well in dry areas. Zone 2-9

Ulmus parvifolia, or Chinese elm, a good bonsai species, if grown in containers should be brought in during winter; can be grown cool indoors. U. procera, English elm, is equally suitable as bonsai, though also prone to Dutch elm disease. Zones 5-9 and 5-8 respectively. U. pumila also does well in dry areas, zone 5-8

Viburnum species

Seed should be sown fresh, onto soil surface as light is needed for germination; even then germination can be erratic. Otherwise, treat for double dormancy: stratify in refrigerator for 2-3 months, grow several months at 70F/21C, stratify another 2-3 months, and grow again at 70F/21C. Or sow in fall into a cold frame, and leave undisturbed a few seasons. Zone 2-10

Simple layering and semi-hard or hardwood cuttings may also be used to propagate. Grow in good light to part shade, fertile moist soil; most soils tolerated well. Used as bonsai

Viburnum lantana, the way-faring tree, is shade tolerant and hardy to zone 2; V. opulis, the European cranberry bush, hardy into zone 2, and also tolerates some shade and clay soil. Most shade tolerant is V. dentatum, the arrowwood viburnum, which grows from zone 2 to 8

Vinca species

periwinkle

Can be grown from seed, though germination irregular: sow shallowly and keep dark until germination occurs. Grows well in even heavy shade; prefers fertile, moist soil. Good ground covers. Easy from cuttings in summer, by serpentine layering, or divide in fall or early spring. V. major, the greater periwinkle, is hardy to zone 7-10; V. minor, the common or lesser periwinkle, or common myrtle, zones 4-10

Vitex agnus-castus

chaste tree

Stratify seed in freezer 3 weeks, then sow at 60-70F/15-21C, or sow seed in fall. Grown also from semi-ripe cuttings in summer. Full sun to light shade, well-draining soil; tolerant of drought and alkaline soil. Used as bonsai. Zones 6-9, with protection may do well into zone 5

Washingtonia robusta

Sow seed 1/4" deep at 75-80F/24-27C, spring, well-draining soil. Full sun; if grown as indoor plant, should be protected from scorching. Also known as Washingtonia gracilis. Zone 9-10

Weigela florida

Grow from softwood cuttings, summer, or from semi-hard and hard-wood cuttings. Well-drained soil, sun to part shade. Zone 5-9; note that other Weigela species and cultivars may be hardy into zone 4

Wisteria species

Chip and soak seed, sow shallowly in well-drained soil; accepting of clay or alkaline soil. Grow in full sun to part shade. Cultivars must be propagated vegetatively to come true to type: propagate from soft or hardwood cuttings, the latter taken late in winter, or by ring-barking; simple layering may be used. May be grafted in early spring. Suitable for bonsai. Zone 4-9

These vines can become very heavy and require at least 4" by 4" wood supports, or strong metal support; do not use a house or other structures as primary means of support. Wisteria frutescens, the American wisteria, is a less powerful and therefore less destructive alternative to W. sinensis or W. floribunda, the Chinese and Japanese species, respectively

Zelkova species

Stratify 2 weeks, surface sow moist and under glass or plastic, onto peaty soil. Light needed for germination. Grow in good light and well-drained moist soil. Ring-bark air-layering may take as little as 6-8 weeks, and is started in summer. Spring cuttings are rooted with bottom heat and use of willow extract and/or hormone powder. Commonly used for bonsai

Zelkova serrata

the Japanese elm,

hardy zones 6-8

 

Trees and Shrubs indexed elsewhere (click on heading to select that page):

Plants of Home and Garden
Cissus antarctica	kangaroo vine
Clematis species	virgin's bower
Codiaeum species	croton, Joseph's coat
Coffea arabica	coffee
Cuphea ignea	cigar plant, cigar flower
Fatsia japonica	Japanese fatsia, figleaf palm,
	Japanese aralia
Ficus elastica	India rubber plant
Ficus lyrata	banjo fig
Fuchsia species
Hedera helix	English ivy
Hypericum calicynum	Aaron's beard
Monstera deliciosa	cut-leaf philodendron, ceriman
Rosa	rose
Stephanotis floribunda	Hawaiian wedding flower
Cacti & Succulents
Adansonia digitata	boabab
Beaucarnea recurvata	ponytail palm
Nolina recurvata	see Beaucarnea recurvata
Xanthorrhoea	blackboy
Yucca brevifolia	Joshua tree
Fruits & Vegetables
Asimina triloba	pawpaw, Michigan banana
Carica papaya	papaya
Carya illinoinensis	pecan
Citrus aurantifolia	lime
Citrus limon	lemon
Citrus paradisi	grapefruit
Citrus reticulata	tangerine, mandarin orange
Citrus sinensis	sweet orange
Corylus species	hazelnut
Cydonia species	quince
Diospyros virginiana	persimmon
Feijoa sellowiana
Fortunella species	kumquat
Humulus lupulus	hop
Juglans regia	English walnut, Persian walnut
Malus species	apple
Mespilus germanica	medlar
Morus species	mulberry
Musa species	banana
Passiflora caerulea	Passion flower
Persea americana	avocado, avocado pear, alligator pear
Phoenix dactylifera	date palm
Prunus amygdalus	almond
Prunus armeniaca	apricot
Prunus persica	peach, nectarine
Prunus species	plum, damson
Prunus species	cherry
Punica granatum	pomegranate
Pyrus species	pear
Ribes species	currant, gooseberry
Rubus caesius	dewberry
Rubus fruticosus	blackberry
Rubus idaeus	raspberry
Rubus occidentalis	black raspberry
Vaccinium species	blueberry, bilberry, cranberry
Viburnum trilobum	highbush cranberry
Vitis vinifera	grape
Herbs
Cinnamomum zeylanicum	cinnamon
Eucalyptus globulus	blue gum
Hamamelis virginiana	witch hazel
Laurus nobilis	sweet bay
Rosmarinus officinalis	rosemary
Syzygium aromaticum	cloves
Thymus vulgaris	thyme